Darjeeling: Canjin yanayi, koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasuwannin duniya, gasa daga nau'ikan shayi daga Nepal, da rashin daidaito tsakanin farashin samar da kayayyaki da farashinsa sun jefa masana'antar shayi a Darjeeling cikin haɗari. IndiaSara rahoton kasa daga lambunan shayi ya samo.
An san duniya kamar 'shampen'Na Indiya teas, Darjeeling shayi ya tsaya kansa a kan teas daga tsaunin Nilgiri a Kudancin Indiya da kuma daga Assam. Dadinsa na musamman, wanda aka yi imanin cewa daidaitaccen ma'auni na hasken rana, ruwan sama, hazo da acidity na ƙasa a cikin Himalayas, kuma da hannu, ya lashe shayin Darjeeling "alal misali da sanin masu amfani a duk duniya fiye da karni ɗaya", in ji Hukumar Tea ta Indiya akan sa yanar. "Shayin Darjeeling wanda ya cancanci sunansa ba za a iya girma ko kera shi a ko'ina a duniya ba."
shayin Darjeeling mai launin karfe mai haske shine samfurin farko na kasar da za a ba da alamar kasuwanci ta Geographical Indication (GI) a cikin 2004.
Duk da wannan karramawar, samar da shayin, da kuma bukatarsa a kasuwannin cikin gida da na kasa da kasa, na raguwa, inji masana.
Wannan shine labari na farko a cikin jerin gwano kan masana'antar shayi ta Darjeeling. Kashi na farko zai yi bayani dalla-dalla yadda sauyin yanayi da la'akarin tattalin arziki ke yin tasiri a masana'antar, yayin da na biyu zai mayar da hankali kan yanayi da hakkokin ma'aikata a gonakin shayi.
Yadda shayin Darjeeling ya zama sunan gida
Ganye daga shuka da ake kira Camillia sinensis samar da abin da aka sani da Darjeeling shayi. An fara kawo shuka a Darjeeling by Arthur Campbell na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya a 1841. A shekara ta 1874 akwai lambunan shayi guda 113 a tsaunin Darjeeling, Dooars da Terai yankin - tudu na Himalayas - sun bazu a yankunan Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri da Alipurduar a yammacin Bengal. Adadin ya haura zuwa 156 zuwa 1914 tare da samar da amfanin gona sama da kilogiram miliyan 8.16, in ji marubuci Basant B Lama a cikin 2008. littafin, 'Labarin Darjeeling', yana ambaton kididdigar gwamnatin Bengal daga 1915. A yau, game da Kilo miliyan 10 Ana noman shayi a kowace shekara, in ji Hukumar Tea ta Indiya.
Lamarin da ke haɓaka kasuwancin shayi ya haifar da canjin alƙaluman jama'a a Darjeeling kamar yadda yawancin ma'aikatan da aka kiyasta 40,000 a shekara ta 1914, A lambunan shayi a cikin tuddai da Dooars Terai yankin sun kasance baƙi daga Nepal maƙwabta da kuma daga yankin Chhota Nagpur.
Masana'antu a kusa da Darjeeling sun zama daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samar da rayuwa a yankin.
"Baya ga daukar ma'aikatan gona da yawa kai tsaye, masana'antar shayi ta kuma ba da aikin yi kai tsaye ga adadi mai yawa na sauran mutane a wuraren sufuri, dakunan ajiya, otal-otal, makarantu, asibitoci, kamfanonin kasuwanci da rukunin masana'antar noma." rubuta Pratima Chamling Rai, farfesa a Jami'ar Raiganj a West Bengal, a cikin Jarida na Ƙasashen Duniya na Kimiyya da Injiniya a watan Yunin 2019.
Rikicin sauyin yanayi
Canjin yanayi ya shafi inganci da samar da shayin Darjeeling. A cewar 2013 binciken ta masu bincike a Cibiyar Bincike da Ci gaba ta Darjeeling Tea, sauyin yanayi ya rage samar da "41.97% da 30.90% idan aka kwatanta da 1993 da 2002 bi da bi".
Binciken ya ce samar da shayi, “abincin da ake nomawa da ruwan sama da ake nomawa a yankuna daban-daban na agro-ecological”, yana da matukar tasiri ga yanayin muhalli, kamar jimillar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da kuma rarraba shi, zazzabi da hasken rana.
Binciken ya gano cewa yanayin zafi a yankin ya karu da digiri 0.51 a ma'aunin celcius daga 1993 zuwa 2012, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya ragu da 152.50 cm yayin da zafi mai zafi da 16.07%, wanda ke haifar da "raguwar samar da kayayyaki gaba daya".
Ko da yake jimlar yawan ruwan sama ya isa ya samar da abin da ake bukata Ton 10 na ruwa yau da kullum don balagagge tsire-tsire na Darjeeling da ke tsaye a cikin kadada daya, rarraba ruwan sama babbar matsala ce.
“Tsarin ruwan karkashin kasa ya ragu yayin da kakar ke farawa da fari, "in ji Sandeep Mukherjee, Babban Mashawarci na Kungiyar Shayi ta Darjeeling-Indiya (DITA). Ƙungiyar Tea ta Indiya (ITA) ita ce ƙungiyar masu shayi mafi girma a Indiya.
Anshuman Kanoria, shugaban kungiyar masu fitar da shayi ta Indiya (ITEA), ya yi na’am da hakan. “Kowace shekara ana samun fari a lokacin hunturu (ƙarshen) lokacin sanyi wanda ke shafar ruwan sha na farko [wanda aka girbe tsakanin tsakiyar Fabrairu da Afrilu, shayi na farko yana ƙarami da kore]. Kowace shekara ana fara samun ruwan sama marar kaka a watan Afrilu sannan kuma muna samun ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a watan Mayu da Yuni wanda shine lokacin mafi inganci na ruwa na biyu [wanda aka girbe tsakanin Mayu da Yuni, ganyen shayi na biyu na bushewa ya cika jiki kuma ya fi na farko duhu. ]. Lokaci ne mai girma na kudaden shiga kuma mummunan yanayi yana shafar mafi kyawun shayin Darjeeling. "
Haɓakar yanayin zafi a cikin Dooars da yankin Terai da kuma cikin tsaunuka na shafar amfanin gonakin shayi. Hotuna, Happy Valley Tea Estate.
Yana da mahimmanci a aiwatar da matakan daidaitawa a cikin gonakin shayi don rage mummunan tasirin sauyin yanayi ba tare da bata lokaci ba, saboda ana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa don kawo canje-canje ga tsarin noman bishiya kamar noman shayi, in ji masu bincike.
"Cibiyoyin Bincike na Tea suna aiki akan wannan don shawo kan matsalar don haɓaka 'clones mai jurewa yanayi'," in ji Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Tea na Indiya, Saurav Pahari, yayin da yake mayar da martani ga imel ɗin neman bayanai game da matakan gwamnati. ya dauki nauyin yaki da sauyin yanayi.
Faɗuwar buƙata
Bukatu da samar da shayin Darjeeling ya dade yana faduwa a kasuwannin cikin gida da na kasa da kasa, kuma masana sun ce lamarin ya kara tabarbarewa lokacin da Rasha ta mamaye kasar Ukraine a farkon shekarar 2022.
Bisa lafazin statistics saki da Hukumar shayi ta Indiya, samar da shayin Darjeeling kusan kilogiram miliyan 7 ne kawai a cikin 2021.
Sakamakon yakin da ake yi tsakanin Rasha da Ukraine, da kuma takunkumin da aka kakabawa kasar Rasha, manyan masu saye a Turai ko dai sun daina siyan shayin Darjeeling ko kuma su biya kadan, in ji Kanoria ta ITEA.
Mukherjee na DITA ya ce "Halin fitar da kayayyaki ya kara tabarbarewa sakamakon koma bayan tattalin arziki a Turai," in ji Mukherjee na DITA, ya kara da cewa kilogiram miliyan 2.84 na shayin Darjeeling ne kawai aka fitar da shi a shekarar 2022 (har zuwa Nuwamba) idan aka kwatanta da miliyan 3.5 a shekarar 2021.
Baya ga Turai, Japan kuma babbar kasuwa ce ta shayin Darjeeling. Sai dai yayin da darajar Yen ta zarce da Dalar Amurka, masu sayar da shayi na Darjeeling sun kasa samun farashi mai kyau na kayan amfanin gonarsu daga Jafanawa, in ji Kanoria.
Shugaban ITEA na Kanoria, ya ce duk da karuwar farashin kayan noman da kashi 30% a duk shekara, matsakaicin farashin shayin Darjeeling a gwanjo hudu da suka gabata a shekarar 2021 ya kasa biya diyya ga masu noman shayi yadda ya kamata.
Hijira sakamakon yunkurin Gorkhaland
Halin da ake ciki a cikin lambunan shayi na Arewacin Bengal ya tsananta yayin rufe kwanaki 104 saboda 2017 Gorkhaland motsi. Zanga-zangar ta barke a tsaunukan Darjeeling bayan da gwamnatin Bengal ta yamma ta ayyana Bengali a matsayin darasi na wajibi a dukkan makarantun jihar. Kira shi da shigar da Bengali Al'ada a kan yawan masu magana da Nepal na tsaunuka, Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) ya mamaye bukatar daɗaɗɗen buƙatar jihar Gorkhaland.
(Idan za a iya sanya hoton fayil na motsi na 2017 a nan ko za a iya amfani da hoton da ke sama a matsayin wakilci. Caption: Ƙungiyar Gorkhaland ta 2017 ta haifar da tashin hankali da tsaunin Darjeeling ya gani a lokacin 80s.
“Tunda ba a biya mutane albashi ba lokacin da aka rufe wuraren shan shayi, ma’aikata da yawa sun yi hijira daga tsaunukan don samun damar aiki. Yawancinsu ba su koma wuraren shan shayi ba, ”in ji Sumendra Tamang, wani mai fafutuka na zamantakewar jama'a da ke aiki don kare hakkin ma'aikatan shayi a Arewacin Bengal, yana mai zargin rikicin siyasa da yin hijira mai yawa daga tsaunuka. "Mutane ba kawai sun fita zuwa wasu sassan Yammacin Bengal ko Indiya ba, har ma zuwa kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya kamar Qatar da Oman. Sakamakon haka, karancin ma’aikata ya afkawa wuraren noman shayi.”
"Ya zama wajibi ma'aikatan shayi su aika aƙalla mutum ɗaya daga cikin dangi, idan ba kowa ba, waje don kyakkyawan fata," in ji Dawa Sherpa, masanin PhD a Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru ta Delhi. "Kudin da aka dawo da shi gida yana hana iyalai da ke cikin lambun shayi daga wargajewa." [Kashi na biyu na wannan silsilar zai yi cikakken bayani game da yanayin masu shayi a cikin gonaki.]
Hijira, duk da haka, ya ƙara tsananta wata matsala: masu fataucin ɗan adam waɗanda suke yaudarar mata zuwa bautar jima'i ko tilasta musu yin aiki a matsayin leburori a biranen birni.
"Gaba ɗaya, mata masu ƙaura daga tsaunuka suna ƙarewa a matsayin masu yin lalata idan sun fada hannun masu fataucin da ba daidai ba, yayin da mutanen Dooars da yankin Terai ke jan hankalinsu don yin aiki mai ƙarancin albashi a wuraren gine-gine ko kuma a matsayin bayi," in ji shi. Nirnay John Chetri na Marg NGO, wanda ke yaki da fataucin mutane a Arewacin Bengal kuma yana taimakawa wadanda aka ceto. "Yawancinsu suna ƙarewa sun makale ba tare da haske a ƙarshen rami ba."
Misali, wannan Rahoton Buga ya nuna yadda ake fataucin ‘yan mata daga lambunan shayi a Arewacin Bengal tare da tilasta musu yin sana’a ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da safarar su zuwa kasashen Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar makwabciyarta. Hukumar 'yan sanda ta Siliguri ta rubuta shari'o'in fataucin mutane 22 tsakanin 2019 zuwa 2021, yayin da gundumar Darjeeling ta ba da rahoton guda daya a cikin 2019 da Alipurduar uku kowanne a cikin 2019, 2020 da 2021, in ji rahoton.
Hanyar zuwa Happy Valley Tea Estate. Sakamakon ingantattun ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi da kuma fatan samun ingantacciyar rayuwa a wajen Darjeeling, ma'aikatan noman shayi galibi suna makale a cikin yanar gizo na fataucin mutane ko cin zarafi.
Amma ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun ce ba a bayar da rahoton adadin ba. "'Yan sanda, da farko, suna jinkirin shigar da ƙara lokacin da dangi suka je kai rahoton wani memba da ya ɓace daga gidansu," in ji Chetri. Ko da sun yi rajistar korafin da suka bace suka gano mutumin, dangi da wanda aka yi wa fataucin jima'i ba sa son a ci gaba da gudanar da binciken 'yan sanda saboda cin mutuncin al'umma da abin kunya, in ji Chetri.
Hedkwatar hukumar ‘yan sanda ta Siliguri ta mika wa Insifeto Biswajit Majumder wannan wakilin don yin bayani kan yadda ake safarar mutane a lambunan shayi da ke karkashinta.
Majumder, sufeto a Ofishin Batattu na Hukumar 'yan sanda ta Siliguri ya ce, "Da zaran mun sami korafin da ya bata, za a gabatar da 'duk sakon da ya dace' ta tashar CID din mu idan har karar ta shafi karamin yaro. Idan wanda aka kashe ya haura shekaru 18, muna rokon iyalai da su jira kwanaki biyu zuwa uku kafin a yi rajistar karar,” inji shi.
Sufeto Majumder ya ki cewa komai game da ka'idar 'yan sanda don gudanar da bincike a shari'ar fataucin mutane, saboda "ba shi da ikon yin magana a kai". Ya ce ‘yan sanda suna ba da kowane irin taimako ga iyalai bisa la’akari da halin da ake ciki.
Mun aika da saƙon imel zuwa hukumar 'yan sanda na neman bayanai kan shari'o'in fataucin da kuma yin sharhi kan matsalolin da Chetri ya shimfida. Za mu sabunta labarin idan muka sami amsa.
Gasar daga shayi mai rahusa daga Nepal
A halin yanzu, yayin da ma'aikata ke raguwa saboda ƙaura na waje, kuma rufewar Gorkhaland ya shafi samarwa, Darjeeling shayi. dan uwan daga Nepal ya bayyana azaman madadin arha a cikin kasuwanni.
"[D] saboda babban adadin shayi na kasa da ya samo asali daga Nepal ana yiwa lakabi da sunan Darjeeling ba bisa ka'ida ba, farashin farashi na ingantacciyar shayin Darjeeling a kasuwannin duniya yana fuskantar raguwa," in ji wani 2022. Rahoton da wani kwamitin dindindin na majalisar dokoki kan harkokin kasuwanci, mai taken 'Al'amurran da suka shafi masana'antar shayin Indiya musamman a yankin Darjeeling'.
Wani ma’aikacin noman shayi ya tsinke ganyen shayi da hannu a rukunin shayin Tukvar na Darjeeling, Nuwamba 17, 2022. Halin da ake ciki na harkar shayin Darjeeling ya kuma jefa rayuwar ma’aikatanta cikin hadari.
Rahoton ya ce, ƙananan farashin shayi daga Nepal shine saboda "ƙananan farashin samar da su da kuma ƙarancin tsarin masana'antu", in ji rahoton. "Masana'antar shayi ita ce kashin bayan tattalin arzikin gundumar Darjeeling da ke yammacin Bengal kuma karuwar shan shayin Darjeeling na haifar da barazana ga samar da shayi da kuma rayuwar kananan masu shayi a yankin".
Hukumar shayi tare da hadin gwiwar ma’aikatar kasuwanci, ta haramtawa masu rarraba shayin da ake shigowa dasu daga kasashen waje. Haka kuma an hana masu fitar da shayi daga kasashen waje fitar da shayi daga waje, in ji ofishin Mista Pahari.
Hakanan an umurci masu siyan da suka yi rajista da kar su haɗa ingantaccen shayin Darjeeling da shayin da aka shigo da su.
Kulle na farko saboda Covid-19, farawa Maris na 2020, shine "ƙusa na ƙarshe a cikin akwatin gawa" ga yawancin masu noman shayi, waɗanda har yanzu suna murmurewa daga tasirinsa, in ji Tamang, mai fafutukar zamantakewa. Wasu masu noman shayi sun sayar da kadarorin su, ciki har da shida daga cikin gidaje 10 mallakin The Darjeeling Organic Tea Estates Private Limited (DOTEPL).
yawon shakatawa na shayi
A wani yunƙuri na ceto masana'antar shayi ta Darjeeling da inganta yanayin rayuwar ma'aikata da danginsu, Gwamnatin West Bengal ta sanar da 'Yawon shakatawa na shayi da Manufar Kasuwancin Allied, 2019′. Ya ba da damar haɗin gwiwa mai yawa tsakanin masana'antar shayi ta jihar, babban ma'aikaci a Darjeeling, da yawon shakatawa, daya daga cikin manyan sassan samun kudaden shiga na Darjeeling.
Manufar ita ce ta ba da izinin mallakar yankin shayi don amfani da kashi 15% na filayensu, ko mafi girman kadada 150, don yawon shakatawa na shayi da sauran ayyukan kasuwanci masu alaƙa kamar “cibiyoyin jin daɗi, cibiyoyin ilimi, wuraren al'adu / nishaɗi & wuraren nuni, flora, shuke-shuken magani, abinci. na'urori masu sarrafawa, sassan marufi da sauransu".
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ayyana sabbin ka'idojin yawon shakatawa na shayi, sarkar otal ɗin alatu Taj kafa wurin shakatawa da wurin shakatawa, mai suna Chia Kutir, a cikin sanannen Makaibari Estate Tea a cikin tsaunin Darjeeling. Zuwan otal ɗin Taj a cikin lambun shayi na Darjeeling ya buɗe ƙofofin ruwa don irin waɗannan ayyukan yawon shakatawa a wasu gonaki, irin su Kanchan View Estate.
Kanchan View Tea Estate, wanda aka fi sani da Rungeet Tea Garden har zuwa 2002, an ruwaito shirya ayyukan yawon bude ido darajar fiye da Rs 200 crore bayan sabuwar manufar yawon shakatawa na shayi.
Sai dai matakin bai yi wa masu aikin lambun shayi dadi ba. Ma'aikatan sun ce masu kula da lambun shayin sun kasa sauke hakkokinsu da sauran albashinsu "saboda rashin kudi", ma'aikatan sun shaidawa. IndiaSara sun yi mamakin yadda masu [Kanchan View] ke sarrafa kudaden otal da wuraren shakatawa.
“An biya mu albashi da alawus-alawus. Hukumar ta ce ba ta da kudi. Amma suna da kuɗin gina otal masu taurari biyar. Wannan ba abin yarda ba ne, "in ji wani ma'aikaci a Kanchan View Tea Estate, wanda bai so a sakaya sunansa ba.
Ginin wurin shakatawa da ake son yi a cikin Gidan Shayi na Kanchan View wanda aka dakatar da shi na ɗan lokaci. Hoton Yuni 24, 2022.
Sannan sun yi zargin cewa hukumar kula da gidajen shayi na shirin gina wurin shakatawa a inda ma’aikata suke. Basti ko kuma marasa galihu ta hanyar rusa gidajensu. Ma’aikatan sun kuma zargi hukumomin Kanchan View da tumbatsa masana’antar shayi don samar da hanyar gudanar da harkokin yawon bude ido, “a’a” kamar yadda manufar 2019 ta tanada.
Masana sun ce har yanzu da wuri don tantance ko wannan sabuwar manufar za ta amfanar da masana'antar shayi da ma'aikatanta.
Mun kai ga Ma'aikatar Yawon shakatawa da Cibiyar Bunkasa Balaguro ta Yammacin Bengal, ta hanyar kira da imel don neman ra'ayoyinsu game da sabuwar manufar da kuma yadda take taimakawa yawon shakatawa na shayi a Arewacin Bengal. Za a sabunta wannan labarin lokacin da suka amsa.
Babu ɗayan waɗannan matsalolin a cikin lambunan shayi da suka tashi cikin dare; Masana sun ce hakan ya samo asali ne sakamakon sakaci da aka kwashe shekaru da dama ana yi daga masu su, da jahilcin ma’aikata da kuma siyasar damammakin shugabannin kananan hukumomi da kungiyoyin kwadago.
Wadannan kalubale ga masana'antar shayi ta Darjeeling sun sa albashin ma'aikata da yanayin rayuwarsu bai inganta ba. Wannan, tare da batutuwan da suka gada a cikin dokokin kwadago da kuma rashin goyon bayan gwamnati, ya haifar da rashin gamsuwa a tsakanin ma’aikatan da ke aikin noman shayi a yankin, tare da yada mummunan yanayi ga masana’antar. Kashi na biyu na jerin shirye-shiryenmu ya yi bayani ne kan batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ma'aikata a gonakin da ke Darjeeling.
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