Kasashe da yawa a duniya ko dai suna fuskantar ko kuma za su fuskanci cikakken tasirin sauyin yanayi. Kudancin Amurka, gida ne ga kogi mafi girma na biyu kuma mafi tsayin tsaunuka a duniya, yana misalta bambance-bambancen halittu da yanayin yanayin yanayi waɗanda ke haifar da rayuwa ta ƙasa, ruwa, da ruwa tare da haifar da yanayi iri-iri don rayayyun halittu. Amma duk da haka, matsalolin da nahiyar ke fuskanta suna da yawa - daga al'amurran da suka shafi yanayin yanayi, kwararowar hamada, da yawaitar sare itatuwa, zuwa asarar rayayyun halittu, kasashe da yawa suna koyon yadda za su dace da yanayin da ke canzawa. Anan akwai manyan batutuwan muhalli guda 5 a Kudancin Amurka.
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5 Matsalolin Muhalli a Kudancin Amurka
1. sare itatuwa
da aka sani da daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan muhalli na rayuwarmu, matsalar sare dazuzzuka na ci gaba da addabarsu Gandun daji na Amazon na Brazil. Amma ba wannan yanki ba ne kaɗai ke fuskantar sakamakon sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam. Dajin Gran Chaco, dajin na biyu mafi girma a nahiyar, yana fuskantar matsin lamba daga sare itatuwa. Dajin dajin da ke da nisan sama da kilomita miliyan guda a fadin Argentina, Paraguay, da Bolivia, ya yi hasara. fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na dazuzzukan sa (kusan murabba'in kilomita 140,000 ko murabba'in mil 54,000) tun daga 1985. Baya ga sakamakon muhalli, sare itatuwa a yankin Gran Chaco na barazana ga rayuwar 'yan asalin mafarauta. A cewar hukumar kare albarkatun kasa. 27 zuwa 43% na kasa a Peru, Bolivia, Chile, da Ecuador suna fama da asarar gandun daji.
An san sare dazuzzuka don haɓaka canjin yanayi ta hanyar sakin ƙarin carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, yana ƙara matsa lamba akan nau'ikan dabbobi da tsirrai. A cikin yankin Gran Chaco musamman, an sami raguwar yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'adinai ma'adinai ma'adinai sun ragu sosai da suka hada da Jaguar ta Kudancin Amurka da kuma 'Screaming Hairy Armadillo'.
Yayin da ake daukar matakai da dama don dakile da magance matsalar, an samu kungiyoyi da dama da ke neman yin taswira da fahimtar barnar da sare itatuwa ke haifarwa.
Aikin Lanloss, wanda Jami'ar Ca' Foscari da ke Venice, Italiya ta haɗu, da nufin yin taswirar yadda za a yi taswirar dazuzzuka ta hanyar amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam da kuma nazarin tasirinsa ga al'ummomin gida. Dokta Tamar Blickstein, wanda ke jagorantar aikin, yana da nufin haɗa hotunan tauraron dan adam da ra'ayoyin mutane a cikin hanyar ba da labari, tare da fatan wayar da kan jama'a game da saran gandun daji a yankin Gran Chaco da kuma kara ilimantar da al'ummomin yankin. Ƙara, wani aikin da ya ƙare a cikin 2021, wanda Jami'ar Bern ta Switzerland ta ba da tallafi, ya yi nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin fasaha, muhalli, da tattalin arziki da kuma tasirin su a kan amfani da ƙasa da yanke shawara na gida a lardin Salta a Gran Chaco.
2. Zabewar Kasa
Zaizayar kasa, wani bangare na sakamakon sare dazuzzuka kai tsaye, a halin yanzu yana shafar sama da kashi 60% na kasar Kudancin Amurka kuma ya fara barazana ga tsaro abinci a cikin nahiyar. Fiye da hekta miliyan 100 na fili ya yi mummunar illa kuma kusan kashi 18% na yankin arewa maso gabashin Brazil ya lalace. Tare da shi, mahimman kayan abinci masu mahimmanci kamar masara da wake suma sun lalace.
Shirin Adapta Sertão, an ƙirƙiri haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi da ƙananan manoma don yin amfani da dabarun sake farfado da muhalli a yankin Sertão mai bushewa, ɗaya daga cikin yankunan Brazil mafi bushewa. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a cikin wannan shirin sun haɗa da aikin noma tsarin, rufe amfanin gona, da ingantattun tsarin ban ruwa da samar da abinci don ƙara yawan kayan abinci na dabbobi.
Ban da Brazil, fiye da rabin ƙasar a Argentina, Mexico, da Paraguay ana ganin ba su dace da noma ba. A cewar José Miguel Torrico, mai kula da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki Hamada (UNCCD) na Latin Amurka da Caribbean, an kiyasta farashin lalata ƙasa na shekara-shekara a Latin Amurka da Caribbean. $ 60 biliyan.
Har ila yau, zaizayar ƙasa ta kasance babbar barazana ga yanayin ƙasar Argentina da bambancin halittu. An bayyana lalacewar yanayin ƙasar Argentina saboda yawan aikin noma, kiwo, da sauye-sauye masu tsauri a tsarin amfani da ƙasa a ƙasar. A cewar 2020 Rahoton Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta wallafa, hekta miliyan 100 daga cikin fadin hekta miliyan 270 na fama da zaizayar kasa, kuma adadin zaizayar kasa ya karu da kusan kadada miliyan biyu a kowace shekara. An danganta hakan ne da fadada aikin noman waken soya da kiwo a yankuna da dama.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙungiyoyin gida da ƙungiyoyi sun haɓaka ƙoƙarin maido da adana shimfidar wurare a yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ƙungiya, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (RENAMA), ya haɗu da yawancin yankuna na Argentina da masu samarwa don ɗaukar sabbin ayyukan noma akan fiye da kadada 100,000 na ƙasa. Wannan aikin ya haɗa da rarraba amfanin gona, amfani da tattalin arziƙin ilimin halitta akan abubuwan da ake amfani da su na sinadarai, da noman kiyayewa.
3. Glacier narkewa
A }asashen Kudancin Amirka da dama, glaciers sune mahimmin tushen ruwan da ake amfani da shi don shayar da ruwa, ayyukan noma, samar da wutar lantarki, da kuma kiyaye muhalli. Tun daga 1980s, Andes na wurare masu zafi (Chilean Andes na Argentina) suna ja da baya, kuma yawan ƙanƙara yana faɗuwa cikin yanayi mai ban tsoro, tare da mummunan yanayin ma'auni na -0.97 na ruwa daidai kowace shekara a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. Wannan ci gaba da narkewa, tare da hauhawar yanayin zafi, yana haifar da babbar barazana ga tsaron ruwa a tsakanin al'ummar Andean da yanayin muhalli.
Peru kuma ta yi asarar fiye da kashi 40% na glaciers. Lake Palcacocha a tsakiyar Andes na Peruvian ya girma sau 34 babba a cikin shekaru arba'in kacal, ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar narkewar ruwan kankara na Palcaraju.
Yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin Palcacocha ya ga wani bala'in ambaliyar ruwa a shekarun 1940 wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 1,800 a birnin Huaraz mai makwabtaka. A cewar a binciken Masana kimiyya daga Jami’ar Oxford da Jami’ar Washington ne suka gudanar da hadarin sake afkuwar irin wannan lamari, idan aka yi la’akari da sauyin da aka samu a jikin dusar kankara ta Palcaraju da kuma karuwar hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a baya-bayan nan.
Cibiyar Bincike ta Glaciers da Ecosystems National Institute (wanda aka fi sani da INAIGEM) da Huaraz Ayyukan Gaggawa (COER) a Peru sun kasance suna sa ido akai-akai a yankin da ke kusa da Palacocha kuma sun tsara tsarin gargadin wuri don faɗakar da jama'a idan akwai yiwuwar ambaliyar ruwa. An kuma tsara waɗannan tsare-tsare don ilimantar da mutane game da girman haɗarin da samar da tashoshi a kewayen birni don jagora da kwashe mutane cikin aminci a yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta afku.
4. Gurbacewar Ruwa da Karancin Ruwa
Duk da kasancewarsa daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha a duniya, sassan Kudancin Amurka suna fama da matsalar ruwa da ba a taba ganin irinta ba saboda rashin kyau ko rashin kula da ruwa, da rashin kulawa da yawa, da kuma yin amfani da su fiye da kima.
Jigon gurbacewar ruwa a Kudancin Amurka shine cewa ba a kula da wani kaso mai yawa na ruwa don amfani da ɗan adam. Misali, gurbataccen ruwa da ke shiga tafkuna da koguna tare da sharar mutane da na dabbobi ana tura su zuwa tsarin ruwa na gidaje da yawa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wasu daga cikin manyan wuraren ruwa a nahiyar, ciki har da kogin Medellin a Colombia, Guanabara Bay a Brazil, da kogin Riachuelo na Argentina, suna ci gaba da fuskantar manyan gurɓataccen masana'antu da gurɓataccen ɗan adam wanda ke gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yin ruwa. rashin lafiya don amfani da amfani.
Wani rikice-rikicen ruwa da ake fuskanta a wasu ƙasashe shine karancin ruwa. An yi la'akari da rikicin tare da fari, ƙarancin ruwa ya addabi sassan Brazil, Chile, Argentina, da Colombia.
Da zafin mega-fari a Chile, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2007 kuma har yanzu yana ci gaba da yin tashe tashen hankulla na rayuwa da rabe-rabe da kuma haifar da rashin ruwa da abinci a fadin kasar nan.
Gwamnati ta bullo da wasu matakai domin dakile matsalolin. A gundumar Providencia da ke Chile, gwamnati ta yi shirin maye gurbin shuke-shuken da ake da su a kan tituna da tsire-tsire masu jure fari. Don rage barnar ruwa da kuma yaki da fari da ya addabi sassan birnin, gwamnatin Chile ta kuma bullo da shirin. rabon ruwa kuma ya saka hannun jari a ayyukan sabunta hanyoyin ruwa da ake da su.
Shirin rabon ya ƙunshi tsarin faɗakarwa mai hawa huɗu tare da sanarwar jama'a kuma ya haɗa da jujjuya yanke ruwa zuwa sassa daban-daban na birni. A cikin 2021, Emilia Undurraga, tsohuwar ministar noma ta Chile, ita ma ta ɓullo da tsare-tsare. maido da hekta miliyan 1 nan da shekarar 2030. Wannan aikin, wanda ke hasashen haɗin gwiwa tare da sassa masu zaman kansu na Chile, gami da noma, hakar ma'adinai, da makamashi, ba wai kawai yana tallafawa dawo da gandun daji na asali ba amma yana taimakawa canza wasu daga cikinsu zuwa nau'ikan amfani da gauraye.
5. Hawan Teku
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan "tatsuniya" na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) na matsanancin yanayi shine hauhawar matakan teku. A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, matakan teku na yanki sun karu da sauri fiye da matakan ma'ana na duniya, musamman a Kudancin Atlantic (3.52 ± 0.0 mm a kowace shekara) da yankuna masu zafi na Arewacin Atlantic na nahiyar (3.48 ± 0.1 mm). a kowace shekara).
A halin yanzu, wannan batu yana ci gaba da yin barazana ga al'ummar bakin teku ta hanyar gurɓata magudanar ruwa da kuma ƙara haɗarin guguwa. A cewar rahoton kimantawa na shida na IPCC, Matakan teku na yanki na iya ci gaba da karuwa kuma za su ba da gudummawa ga ambaliya a bakin teku da ja da baya ga bakin tekun a gabar tekun Atlantika na Kudancin Amurka. Wasu biranen da ake ganin suna da matukar rauni ga tasirin sauyin yanayi na ambaliyar ruwa (da guguwa) sune Fortaleza, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, da Porto Alegre a Brazil, Buenos Aires a Argentina, Santiago a Chile da Lima a Peru.
Tushe: https://earth.org