Ayyukan filin kamar sake yin hawan bishiyar bishiyar bishiyar bishiyar shekara-shekara, ayyukan feshi da girbi na iya haifar da ci gaba da matsananciyar ƙulla ƙafafun gado, wanda ke haifar da raguwar kutsawa da ƙara haɗarin tudun ruwa a saman ƙasa, haɓakar gudu da zaizayar ƙasa.
AHDB na tallafawa aikin FV 450 'Bishiyar asparagus: Gudanar da ƙasa mai dorewa don tsayawa tsayin daka da haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa' (01/05/2016 – 31/03/2018), don haɓakawa da yada yadda ya kamata gungun Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Gudanarwa (BMPs) don hanawa da/ko gyara ƙugiya da matsalolin da yake haifarwa. Dr Rob Simmons na Cibiyar Kasa ta Cranfield da Cibiyar Agrifood, Jami'ar Cranfield ne ya gudanar da aikin.
An kafa gwaje-gwajen filin guda biyu a cikin Afrilu 2016 a Gatsford Farm, Ross-on-Wye, tare da tallafi na gaske daga Cobrey Farms. BMPs sun haɗa da (1) amfanin gona na abokin tarayya - Rye (Serale cecale L.), mustard (Sinap alba L.), (2) interrow surface ciyawa aikace-aikace (bambaro ciyawa ko PAS 100 takin a hade tare da m ƙasa tashin hankali (SSD)) da (3) hade na al'ada aikin noma (re-ridging (R) da SSD) a kan (4) zabin noman sifili. An yi amfani da rikice-rikicen ƙasa mai zurfi ta amfani da tine mai fuka-fuki a zurfin 0.25 - 0.3 m a cikin jiyya na ciyawa.
A cikin Gwaji na 1 (makirci na gwaji 48), an yi nazarin tasirin BMPs a Gijnlim, wanda ke wakiltar 70% na amfanin gonar bishiyar bishiyar asparagus. Gwaji na 2 idan aka kwatanta bambance-bambancen bambance-bambance a cikin ci gaban tushen da gine-gine da, rarraba bayanan martaba kamar yadda maganin ƙasa-ƙasa ya shafa don Gijnlim da Guelph Millennium. An kafa gwaji a ƙasa -
Tables 1 - Gwaji 1: Bayanin jiyya
Iri-iri | Bayanin magani | Sake hawa |
Gijnlim | Abokin amfanin gona - hatsin rai | R |
Gijnlim | Abokin amfanin gona - hatsin rai | NR |
Gijnlim | Shuka amfanin gona - mustard | R |
Gijnlim | Shuka amfanin gona - mustard | NR |
Gijnlim | PAS 100 takin SSD | R |
Gijnlim | PAS 100 takin SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | Straw Mulch SSD | R |
Gijnlim | Straw Mulch SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | Bare ƙasa SSD | R |
Gijnlim | Bare ƙasa SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | Ayyukan Al'ada | R |
Gijnlim | Sifili-nono | NR |
Re-ridging na shekara-shekara (R) ko Zero-ridging (NR). Rashin hankali na ƙasa (SSD). Ana haɗa jiyya da ƙarfi a cikin Gwaji na 2.
Gwaji na 2: Bayanin jiyya
Iri-iri | Bayanin magani | Sake hawa |
Gijnlim | Bare ƙasa SSD | R |
Gijnlim | Bare ƙasa SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | *Aikin Al'ada | R |
Gijnlim | Sifili-nono | NR |
Guelph Millennium | Bare ƙasa SSD | R |
Guelph Millennium | Bare ƙasa SSD | NR |
Guelph Millennium | *Aikin Al'ada | R |
Guelph Millennium | Sifili-nono | NR |
Re-ridging na shekara-shekara (R) ko Zero-ridging (NR). Rashin hankali na ƙasa (SSD). Ana haɗa jiyya cikin ƙarfi daga Gwaji na 1.
*An ayyana al'adar al'ada azaman sake hawa na shekara-shekara ba tare da ɓacin rai na ƙasa ba da ake amfani da su a kan keken hannu.
An ƙaddara tushen gine-gine da rarraba bayanan martaba. An dauki tushen tushen a kan layin sifilin kambi (CZL) daga tsakanin tsire-tsire biyu a jere. An kuma ɗauki Cores daga baya, daga CZL, amma a cikin layi tare da kambi a nisan 0.3 m, 0.6 m da 0.9 m (Hoto 1). An fitar da tushen tushen daga zurfin ƙasa mai zuwa: 0.00 - 0.15 m, 0.15 - 0.30 m, 0.30 - 0.45 m da 0.45 - 0.6 m.
Hoto 1. Tushen coring yarjejeniya da aka karɓa a wurin gwaji na FV 450/FV 450a.
Aikin na shekara biyu ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayi na tushen Gijnlim don fadadawa cikin motsi fiye da Guelph Millennium amma ba a sami wani bambance-bambance mai mahimmanci a cikin rarraba sararin samaniya tsakanin nau'in ba. Iyakance girbi don ƙididdige yawan amfanin gona ya nuna cewa sake yin hakowa bai rage yawan amfanin gona ga kowane iri ba duk da cewa sakamakon ya nuna cewa, ga matasan amfanin gona da tagulla a kan cibiyoyi 1.83 m, ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa zurfin 0.3 m ba su da haɗari don aiwatarwa inda ko dai hatsin rai ko mustard amfanin gona. aka girma. Duk da haka akwai haɗarin lalata 2-5% na jimillar tushen taro lokacin da ƙasa a cikin wheelings a zurfin 0.175 cm don Guelph Millennium kuma a zurfin 0.3 m ga Gijnlim.
Rye da mustard amfanin gona kamar suna hana ci gaban tushen ajiyar bishiyar asparagus zuwa yankin tudu, tare da ƙarancin girma a saman (<0.15 m) na wheelings. Rigakafin hatsin rai / mara-zurfin ƙasa mara ƙazamin jiyya ya haifar da ƙasa sosai (18.9 – 28.5%) fiye da sauran jiyya. Wannan raguwa ya bambanta sosai da binciken masu noman bishiyar asparagus na Arewacin Amurka.
Mahimman Ƙimar Juriya na Penetromer (PR> 3 MPa) da Babban Girma (BD> 1.45 cm)-3)
An lura da ma'auni a cikin ƙasa na sama a cikin wheelings, wanda zai iya tasiri ga ci gaban tushen bishiyar asparagus. Hakanan an yi rikodin rikodin BD don tsakiyar saman ƙasa. A tarihi, an lura da tushen bishiyar asparagus a cikin ƙasa tare da ƙimar PR na 1.96 MPa da 2.9 MPa). Tasirin babban darajar PR da BD akan haɓaka tushen tsarin ajiyar bishiyar asparagus kuma don haka ikon adana carbohydrates mai narkewa a halin yanzu ba a san shi ba.
Aikin ci gaba na FV 450a (02/04 2018 - 02/04/2021) an gudanar da shi azaman binciken PhD na Lucie Maskova, ƙarƙashin kulawar Dr Rob Simmons, Dr Sarah De Baets da Dr Lynda Deeks a Cranfield. Wannan ya ci gaba da nazarin tasirin jiyya na FV450 akan amfanin gona, haɓaka tushen tushe da gine-gine da kuma matakan carbohydrate mai narkewa a cikin tushen tsarin da tasiri akan lafiyar ƙasa. An kimanta bambance-bambance iri-iri na tushen martani ga BMPs kuma an gudanar da wani babban binciken gine-ginen bishiyar bishiyar asparagus wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƙasa iri-iri, shekarun tsayawa, iri daban-daban da tsarin samarwa a cikin al'ummar masu noman bishiyar asparagus. An ƙididdige matakan ma'auni na tushen carbohydrate a cikin rukunin yanar gizon da kimantawa da aka yi na 'lalacewar lalacewar tushen' ga takamaiman amfanin gona da aka bincika.
FV 450a: Tasirin BMPs akan yawan amfanin ƙasa
Magungunan takin PAS 100 (ragi da maras ɗorewa a haɗe tare da rikicewar ƙasa mara zurfi) an haɗa su tare da haɓaka 20% a cikin yawan amfanin mashin bishiyar asparagus idan aka kwatanta da aikin al'ada da kuma jiyya mara nauyi na hatsin rai. Maganin da ba shi da hatsin rai ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da raguwar 23% na yawan amfanin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da jiyya na hatsin rai (Hoto 2).
Hoto 2. Bambance-bambance a cikin 2020 Gijnlim yawan amfanin ƙasa (kg ha-1) tsakanin Gwaji 1 jiyya. Sandunan tsaye suna nuna tazarar amincewa 0.95.
Wannan yana ba da tabbataccen shaida cewa inda ake noman hatsin rai a matsayin amfanin gona na abokin tarayya kuma ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba, a cikin bazara mai zuwa ana iya sa ran rage yawan amfanin gona. Duk da haka, idan za a iya yin ƙulle-ƙulle ba za a sami hukuncin da za a yi amfani da shi ba idan aka kwatanta da aikin al'ada ko noman sifili. Dangane da waɗannan binciken, masu noman na iya ƙila ba su son yin kasadar shuka hatsin rai a matsayin amfanin gona na abokin tarayya, idan yanayin yanayi / yanayin ƙasa yana nufin ba za su iya shiga ƙasa ba.
Sakamakon 2020 ya biyo bayan binciken 2018 da 2019 cewa bishiyar asparagus tushen tushen carbohydrate dabi'u na Guelph Millennium sun fi daidai da Gijnlim, ba tare da la'akari da magani ba. Duk da wasu bayyanannun bambance-bambancen amfanin gona, babu wani tasiri na jiyya akan tushen ƙimar carbohydrate a cikin 2019 ko 2020.
Sakamako kuma ya nuna cewa duka Gijnlim da Guelph Millennium, sake-sakewa na shekara-shekara da ke da alaƙa da al'adar al'ada ya haifar da raguwar 20-24% na yawan amfanin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun jiyya na sifili. Wannan na iya a wani bangare ya tabbatar da binciken da ya gabata wanda ke nuna cewa sake-sake na shekara-shekara yana haifar da lalacewa da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa.
FV 450a: Tasiri kan BMPs akan ƙaddamar da ƙasa & kutsawa
Ayyukan al'ada an haɗa su da ƙimar juriya mafi girma na penetrometer (PR) daga zurfin 0.0-0.2 m, idan aka kwatanta da jiyya na ƙasa mara kyau. Sabanin haka, ƙananan ƙimar PR a duk faɗin bayanin martabar ƙasa daga jiyya na sifili ya nuna ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da duk sauran jiyya na ƙasa mara kyau.
Haɓaka kayan haɗin gwiwa bai shafi PR sosai ba idan aka kwatanta da aikin al'ada. Wannan ya kasance ba zato ba tsammani, kamar yadda bisa ga binciken da aka buga a baya, abokin aikin noman tsarin ƙasa mai lalacewa.
A cikin 2020, PR ya ragu sosai a cikin ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa zuwa zurfin 0.25 m don duk jiyya mara ƙarancin ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ciyawa da bambaro da PAS 100 jiyya na takin (wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da rikicewar ƙasa mara zurfi) ya haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi fiye da aikin al'ada zuwa zurfin sama da 0.5 m.
A cikin 2020, ƙimar kutsewa a cikin duk jiyya da ke ƙarƙashin rikicewar ƙasa mai zurfi an rarraba su da "Mai Sauri sosai" (> 500 mm h1) kuma sun fi girma fiye da na al'ada ("Matsakaici", 23.2 mm h-1).
Sakamakon ya ba da shawarar cewa haɗuwa da aikace-aikacen ciyawa (ko dai PAS 100 Takin ko bambaro) zuwa jujjuyawar keken hannu da rikicewar ƙasa mara zurfi yana rage matsuguni mai zurfi da haɓaka kutsawa. Wannan yana da tasiri ga magudanar ruwa da kuma kula da zaizayar ƙasa da kuma sake cajin danshin ƙasa.
FV 450a: Tasirin jiyya akan tushen gine-gine
An lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin dukkanin tushen yawan adadin bayanan martaba (RMD) tsakanin sifili na noma da jiyya na al'ada. Wannan ya faru ne saboda manyan bambance-bambance a cikin RMD a zurfin 0.15 - 0.30 m, 0.3, 0.6 da 0.9 m daga layin sifilin kambi. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun kai tsakanin haɓakar 48-98% a cikin RMD da ke hade da jiyya na sifili idan aka kwatanta da aikin al'ada. Wannan yana nuna cewa sake-sakewa na shekara-shekara yana lalata tushen ajiya. Koyaya, har zuwa yau, ba a sami raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa ko ƙaruwar kamuwa da cuta ba dangane da wannan magani.
Guelph Millennium yana da alaƙa da yanayin tushen tushe mai zurfi idan aka kwatanta da Gijnlim. Don maganin sifili, wanda ke ba da damar tushen bishiyar asparagus yayi girma ba tare da damuwa ba, Guelph Millennium yana da alaƙa da 66-100% RMD mafi girma a zurfin 0.0 - 0.15 m a 0.3 da 0.6 m daga layin sifili na kambi, idan aka kwatanta da Gijnlim.
A duk faɗin jiyya, ƙasa-ƙasa (hargitsin ƙasa mara zurfi) a cikin keken hannu na iya yuwuwar lalata kusan kashi 5% na jimillar tushen halittun da ke ƙarƙashin kewayon jeri na tine da aka yi amfani da shi a zurfin aiki na mm 300. Ayyukan rigingimu na shekara-shekara kuma suna da yuwuwar lalata har zuwa 5% na jimillar tushen kwayoyin halitta.
FV 450a: Sakamakon binciken Grower
Don filayen da aka samo daga babban bankin ƙasa, tazarar layin bishiyar bishiyar asparagus ya bambanta azaman aikin wuraren motsa jiki. An samo mafi girman ƙimar tushen tushen a layin sifilin kambi kuma har zuwa 0.3m nesa da ƙugiya, da mafi ƙanƙanta dabi'u a cikin wheeling a cikin 'deadzone' kusa da saman ƙasa (0-0.3m). Bambance-bambance ba abu ne mai girma ba a cikin rarraba tushen taro, yayin da tsayin daka ya yi tasiri sosai. Maimaita sake hawa da ƙasa a cikin wheelings ya hana haɓaka tsarin tushen a cikin yankin masu motsi don haka haifar da gagarumin 'tsattsauran ra'ayi' na yuwuwar tushen biomass mai yiwuwa. Wannan yana da tasiri ga ajiyar carbohydrate. Tushen taro kuma an danganta shi da mummunan alaƙa da ƙasa PR a duk faɗin wurare da filayen da aka yi samfuri. Sakamakon ya ci gaba da goyan bayan shawarar cewa don hana lalacewar tushen ajiya ta hanyar sake-sakewa ko ayyukan ƙasa, masu noman ya kamata su gudanar da binciken rarraba tushen bayanan martaba kafin a fara aikin sake hakowa da/ko aikin ƙasa.
Ci gaba da aikin FV 450b (daga 1 ga Yuli 2021)
(Batun shawarar Defra na minista game da makomar AHDB Horticulture)
Kungiyar kula da ayyukan (PMG), wanda ya hada da John Chinn na Cobrey Farm, Phil Langley na Gs Sandfields Farm Ltd., Tim Casey na J & V Casey & Son Ltd. da kuma mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa Claire Donkin suna da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a ci gaba da wannan aikin. na tsawon shekaru 3 masu zuwa, saboda yana da mahimmanci a kula da amfanin gona yayin da yake girma a lokacin da ake noman noman kasuwanci. Gwajin bai kai ga wannan matakin balaga amfanin gona da samar da tattalin arziki wanda yawanci ke faruwa tsakanin shekaru 4-7 (Hoto na 3). Wannan shine mabuɗin lokacin dawowa ga masu noma. Don haka, ana buƙatar ci gaba da sa ido a kan tasirin sake zagayowar shekara-shekara kan tsayin daka da samun riba da kuma tantance tasirin tattalin arziki. Kwamitin fasaha na AGA Research & Development ya goyi bayan ra'ayin PMG a cikin Satumba 2020.
Hoto 3. FV450/FV450a/FV450b jerin lokutan aikin da ke nuna ayyuka zuwa yau da kuma lokacin muhimmin lokacin balaga kasuwanci.
Manufar ita ce a ci gaba da tantance tasirin BMPs akan amfanin bishiyar asparagus, tsayawa tsayin daka, kamuwa da cuta da lafiyar ƙasa. Aiki zai haɗa da ƙima mai mahimmanci na rawar da PAS 100 takin aikace-aikacen takin mai yawa ke haɓaka; cikakken kima na ƙasa na zahiri, sinadarai da alamomin halittu da rarraba tushen bayanin martaba, don gano mafi kyawun yanayi don yaduwar tushen ajiya. Za a ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige tushen tushe kuma za a ci gaba da kimanta bambance-bambancen bambance-bambance a cikin tushen gine-gine da yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Aikin zai nuna mafi kyawun BMP mai tsada, dangane da inganta tuki a cikin amfanin bishiyar asparagus da lafiyar ƙasa a cikin shekaru 6 na girbi na kasuwanci, dangane da ƙididdigar fa'ida. Wannan zai ba da damar masu noman bishiyar asparagus su yanke shawara mai zurfi game da tattalin arziƙin ɗaukar BMP a cikin yanayin tattalin arzikin kasuwancin su na gona.
An yi niyya ne don a zahiri fitar da zaɓaɓɓun BMPs zuwa wasu wuraren noma ta hanyar kafa rukunin tauraron dan adam 3-5. Har ila yau, aikin zai bincika yuwuwar rawar hatsi a matsayin madadin amfanin gona na abokin tarayya maimakon hatsin rai, domin samar da kariya daga yaɗuwar lokacin sanyi.
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