Don fadada kewayon 'ya'yan itatuwa ya kamata a gabatar da su a cikin samar da amfanin gona da aka yi la'akari da ba a saba ba. Misali, irin su actinidia, wanda ake nomawa a cikin kasashen Asiya shekaru da yawa. Saboda m tsarin da 'ya'yan itãcen marmari da iyaka shiryayye rayuwa na actinidia berries ba tukuna zama batun taro namo masana'antu, amma kwanan nan halin da ake ciki, ciki har da Ukraine, ya fara canzawa. Actinidia yana ƙara sha'awa ba kawai ga masu son ba har ma ga ƙwararrun gonakin lambu.
Saboda haka, 'yan shekaru da suka wuce, sanin game da m weather yanayi a Ukraine, da Faransa kamfanin Primland yanke shawarar kafa samar da actinidia cinikayya iri Nergi, wanda nasa ne da nau'in Actinidia arguta a Ukraine, wato a Bilyaiv gundumar Odessa yankin a kan. Ƙasar Black Sea Alliance. An girbe amfanin gona na farko na Ukrainian actinidia berries a cikin 2015 - shekaru uku bayan dasa shuki, kuma a cikin 2016, ana iya siyan 'ya'yan itacen actinidia a manyan kantunan Ukrainian. Daraktan Primland Francois Lafitte ne ya gabatar da samfuran Yukren, wanda shine mai saka hannun jari a cikin shuka. Ya ce irin wadannan lambunan suna samun nasara cikin nasara a Faransa da wasu kasashe a kudancin yammacin Turai. Masu kera alamar Nergi galibi matasa ne waɗanda suka fi son aikin gonakin iyali. Matsakaicin lambun Nergi yawanci yana mamaye iyakokin filaye, wanda bai wuce hectare 1 ba. Kuma actinidia plantations a Bilyaiv gundumar Odessa yankin suna located a kan wani yanki na 23.50 kadada. Af, wannan shi ne na farko masana'antu actinidia shuka ya bayyana a Ukraine.
Actinidia daga alamar Nergi karamin berry ne wanda yayi kama da kiwi, amma ya fi girma sau da yawa, don haka ana kiransa kiwi baby. Ana iya ci ba tare da kwasfa ba. Ana girbe amfanin gona da hannu daga watan Agusta zuwa tsakiyar Satumba. Berries sun ƙunshi babban adadin bitamin. Ɗaya daga cikin tsire-tsire yana bada daga 10 zuwa 50 kilogiram na berries a shekara. Actinidia yana fure a tsakiyar watan Mayu. Akwai tsire-tsire maza da mata. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari suna girma cikin gungu a duk lokacin rani. Shuka yana da nau'in itacen inabi, wanda tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa mita 6, ganye suna da 'yan kaɗan.
TARIHIN BANBANCIN
Cibiyar Nazarin New Zealand ta haifar da sabon Actinidia arguta ta zaɓin yanayi, haɗa su a ƙarƙashin alamar Nergi. A lokacin tafiyarsa zuwa New Zealand, daraktan Primland Francois Lafitte ya buge da wannan ɗan berries. A watan Satumba na 2016, tare da goyon bayan Hukumar Kasuwancin Faransa, an gabatar da sabon nau'in actinidia a Kyiv, wanda masu lambu na Ukrainian kwanan nan suka fara girma tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Faransa Primland.
A cikin 2017-2020, Sashen Noma, Viticulture, Biology da Chemistry na Jami'ar Agrarian ta Jihar Odessa sun gudanar da bincike kan nau'ikan actinidia. Tushen gwaji shine shuka actinidia a cikin LLC "Black Sea Alliance". Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen ya nuna cewa a cikin yanayin gabar tekun Bahar Maliya ta Kudu-Yamma na Ukraine da kuma yanayin yanayin yanayi na noman actinidia yana da amfani ta fuskar tattalin arziki, ta hanyar amfani da fasahar da aka haɓaka na dasa shuki da shuka. Samar da actinidia TM Nergi ya dogara ne akan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin lambun, a wurin marufi da lokacin jigilar kaya.
ABUBUWA NA TSARIN FASAHA
Tsarin dasa actinidia a kan ƙasashen LLC "Black Sea Alliance" ya kasance a cikin ƙimar 5 x 4 m. Gidan shuka yana da fuskar bangon waya da goyan baya. An raba shukar actinidia zuwa sel biyu. A cikin tantanin halitta na farko a kan yanki na 8.25 ha kuma a cikin tantanin halitta na biyu a kan yankin 6.12 ha an girma cultivar na actinidia Tahi, kuma a cikin tantanin halitta na biyu akan yanki na 2.1 ha ne cultivar Isai. girma. An sayi tsiron daga gidan gandun daji na Faransa "Sofuruileg SL". An amince da siyan tsire-tsire da aka shigo da su tare da Ma'aikatar Agrarian Policy da Abinci na Ukraine.
Tsarin zafin jiki na yankin yana da kyau don haɓaka actinidia a cikin buɗe ƙasa: jimlar yanayin zafi sama da 10 ° C - 4000-5000 ° C, tsawon lokacin sanyi - kwanaki 220-290, cikakken dogon lokaci. mafi ƙarancin - har zuwa 15 ° C. Baya ga Odesa, ana iya girma actinidia a cikin yankunan Zakarpattia, Mykolaiv da Zaporizhia, inda jimlar yanayin zafi sama da 10 ° C ya kai 3000-3400 ° C, da lokacin sanyi - kwanaki 188-196, mafi ƙarancin - ragi. 15-18 ° C. Ci gaban al'ada na actinidia kuma a yanayin zafi har zuwa + 25 ° C. Wasu sabbin nau'ikan suna iya jure yanayin zafi a lokacin girma zuwa + 35 ° C da sanyi zuwa -17 ° C yayin barci.
Ba a yi amfani da maganin kashe kwari ba saboda har yanzu tsire-tsire ba su lalace ta hanyar cututtuka da kwari ba.
A cikin matasa da balagaggu, tsire-tsire na actinidia suna jure wa shading bishiyoyi da kyau, amma don amfanin yau da kullun suna buƙatar hasken rana, girma da kyau a wuraren da aka buɗe.
Abubuwan buƙatu na musamman don yanayin ƙasa a cikin actinidia - pH mafi kyau a cikin kewayon 4.5-5.5, babban iko; isassun samar da danshi da batura a ma'aunin N: P: K - 1: 2: 1; tsire-tsire suna mayar da martani mara kyau ga ƙãra abun ciki na carbonates. Actinidia yana tsiro mafi kyau akan sako-sako, loamy, high-m, ƙasa mai daɗaɗɗen ƙasa tare da isasshen danshi, baya jurewa ambaliya kuma yana amsa mummunan busasshen iska. Ƙaunar danshi yana da girma sosai, a cikin yanayin da ba a ba da ruwa ba na al'ada girma da 'ya'yan itace tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na akalla 800-1000 mm.
Tsire-tsire suna gama girma a cikin lokaci ta kaka, itacen harbe yana girma sosai, wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin lokacin sanyi. Ya kamata a rufe tsire-tsire na shekara daya da biyu da ganye don hunturu.
Shirye-shiryen ƙasa kafin dasa shuki, tsarin riƙe ƙasa kafin shuka ya fara yin amfani
Fasahar tana ba da sassauta ƙasa mai zurfi na lokaci ɗaya kafin shuka, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga sassauta ƙasa mai katsewa, da murkushewa da lalata ragowar tushen.
Don dasa shuki, ana buƙatar noma zuwa zurfin 40 cm ta hanyar da za a yi dasa shuki ba a baya fiye da watanni 2-3 ba. Bayan an girma shuka, dole ne a rufe ƙasa sau 2 diagonally. Kafin a raba wurin dasa shuki ana daidaita ƙasa, ana nomawa kuma ana birgima.
A cikin yankin don actinidia, ana shuka ƙasa zuwa zurfin 25-30 cm tare da aikace-aikacen farko na 60-80 t / ha na takin gargajiya da 60 kg / ha na phosphorus da potassium ko takin mai magani ana amfani da su a cikin rami yayin dasawa.
Gina fuskar bangon waya da raga mai kariya
Actinidia yana girma akan goyan baya, an kafa layuka bisa ga nau'in fuskar bangon waya "shinge". Ana sanya sandunan tsaka-tsaki a nisan mita 8 kuma suna rataya matakan waya 5, wayoyi 6. Matakin farko a tsayin 30 cm don ban ruwa mai ɗigo. Mataki na biyu ya kai cm 60, na uku kuma tsayinsa ya kai cm 90, na hudu kuma tsayinsa ya kai cm 130, na biyar kuma tsayinsa ya kai cm 180. An haɗa mataki na biyar. Don grid mai kariya, ana shigar da sandar siminti mai ƙarfi na mita 5 kowane mita 8.
Kula da ƙasa da aikace-aikacen takin zamani a lokacin girma na samari
Tsarin riƙe ƙasa yana gefe. Tushen tsarin actinidia yana cikin saman saman ƙasa, don haka a tsakanin layuka ana shuka taki kore.
A cikin shekarar farko ta lokacin girma, ana shuka takin kore (alfalfa - 4 kg / ha) a kan yanki na 17.20 ha, wanda aka yanka sau biyu daga shekara ta 2 na girma ba tare da murkushewa ba.
Don lalata ciyawa da sassauta ƙasa a cikin layuka, akwai sassauƙan sassauƙan hannu na tsawon lokaci 5.
Farawa daga shekara ta biyu na ciyayi - drip ban ruwa tare da maganin takin ma'adinai (ammonium sulfate).
Ana iya shuka amfanin gona na kayan lambu a tsakanin layuka na gonakin matasa. A lokacin da ake shuka 'ya'yan itace, ya kamata a kiyaye ƙasa a ƙarƙashin tururi mai tsabta kuma a shayar da shi yayin da yake bushewa.
Ya kamata a yi amfani da taki a cikin bazara don tono. Ya kamata a la'akari da cewa tushen tsarin actinidia yana sama da ƙasa, don haka a ƙarƙashin bushes kuna buƙatar tono zuwa zurfin 10-12 cm ga kowane 0.01 ha sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyu, yin 2-3 quintals na taki ko humus. da takin ma'adinai - kowace shekara: 1.5-2 kilogiram na ammonium nitrate, 3-4 - superphosphate da 1-1.5 kilogiram na potassium gishiri. Tare da haɓakar shuka mai kyau, ana amfani da ƙarancin taki.
Shuka da gyarawa
Dasa Actinidia a kan ƙasa na LLC "Black Sea Alliance" an gudanar da shi a cikin bazara na 2012. Bayan shirya ƙasa don dasa shuki, an raba yankin zuwa sassan da cages, kuma an sanya alamar wurare don hanyoyi. An raba wurin da hannu zuwa wurare tare da taimakon igiya da igiyoyi guda biyu tare da alamomi. Tare da aikin injina tsakanin layuka na actinidia yana da kyau a shuka tare da layuka na 3-4 da 2-3 m a jere. Ana buƙatar tallafi don tallafawa harbe-harbe. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da fuskar bangon waya mai nau'in innabi, wanda aka ɗaure tsire-tsire don haka ana rarraba harbe a kan fuskar bangon waya. Tsayinsa ya kamata ya kasance aƙalla 2 m daga layuka huɗu na waya da aka shimfiɗa a kan sanduna, ƙananan an daidaita shi a tsawo na 50-60 cm daga ƙasan ƙasa, sauran a daidai nisa daga juna. Lokacin dasa shuki, ana yanke tsire-tsire a cikin buds 3-4, an sabunta sassan, an yanke waɗanda suka karye, an cire su kuma a nutsar da su cikin yumbu mai diluted.
Zurfin dasa rami 60 x 60 cm. A cikin kowane rami a lokacin dasa, yi ƙasa mai laushi, 10-12 kilogiram na humus, 100-200 g na superphosphate. Kuna iya yin cakuda sod da ƙasa mai laushi, yashi da taki. Bayan dasa shuki, ana shayar da tsire-tsire, sa'an nan kuma an shayar da ramuka tare da peat, humus, ganye da suka fadi ko sauran ragowar kwayoyin halitta.
An gudanar da shirye-shiryen dasa shuki a kan wuraren shirye-shiryen.
Kafin dasa shuki, an yanke duk ƙarshen tushen da aka lalace zuwa wuri mai lafiya. Tushen da suka lalace da ruɓaɓɓen an yanke su gaba ɗaya. Bayan dasawa, don hana tushen bushewa a lokacin dasawa, an jiƙa su a cikin wani bayani na ƙasa.
Bayan duk aikin shiri ya fara dasa shuki. An dasa seedlings zuwa wuri na dindindin yana da shekaru biyu.
An dasa tsire-tsire a cikin ramukan 0.60 x 0.60 m. Nan da nan bayan dasa shuki, an shayar da tsire-tsire a cikin adadin lita 15 a kowace shuka. Bayan dasa shuki, an dasa seedlings zuwa 3-4 buds.
Lokacin da aka dasa shuki a ƙarƙashin kowane seedling, an ƙara allunan "MahiMagin" 2, wannan aikin yana haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa, yana tara danshi da abinci mai gina jiki, yana haɓaka tarin su da amfani mai ma'ana, inganta tsarin ruwa-iska da kaddarorin physicochemical. Ana shirya gyaran shuka a cikin shekara ta farko a cikin 5% na kujeru. Gyaran tsire-tsire na actinidia ta hanyar dasa shuki yana da tasiri kawai akan tsire-tsire na matasa, don haka an gyara gyaran a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1st na ciyayi a cikin adadin 5% na tsire-tsire.
Gyaran gonakin actinidia ya ƙunshi shuke-shuke dasa shuki a wurin da suka fadi, tare da maye gurbin cututtukan da suka lalace.
Siffofin sarrafa pollination na kudan zuma na gonakin kasuwanci na actinidia
Don pollination wajibi ne a dasa tsire-tsire maza da mata a madadin: namiji daya da mata 10-15 ko jere daya na tsire-tsire na maza da 5 layuka na mata.
Actinidia shine tsire-tsire na dioecious, saboda haka, ya kamata a sanya tsire-tsire na mace da namiji a kan shafin. Furen mata a cikin actinidia kadai ko kuma an haɗa su; Ana sanya maza a kan biyu - uku a cikin inflorescence. Bloom a lokaci guda, wanda ke ba da pollination mai kyau. Don 'ya'yan itace a kan tsire-tsire 5-10 tare da furanni mata masu aiki, wajibi ne a shuka shuka guda ɗaya tare da nau'in furanni na namiji. Kowane nau'in actinidia yana buƙatar pollinator mai dacewa. Sake pollination tsakanin nau'ikan mutum ɗaya ba ya faruwa. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin lokacin furanni na actinidia, wajibi ne a sami kudan zuma 4-6 a kowace hac 1 na dasa shuki tare da ƙudan zuma don tabbatar da pollination na al'ada.
Tsire-tsire Actinidia sun fara ba da 'ya'ya a cikin shekara ta biyu ko ta uku bayan dasa shuki. Kwanciya da bambance-bambancen buds masu haɓaka suna faruwa ne bisa ga girma na shekara guda na tsayi daban-daban a farkon lokacin bazara, kusan watanni 2 kafin farkon lokacin cikakken furanni. Tsakiyar ɓangaren ƙoƙon furen yana juya zuwa wani hadadden pistil mai ginshiƙai masu yawa, kowannensu yana da buɗaɗɗen mabuɗin. Flowering yana daga ƙarshen Mayu zuwa tsakiyar Yuni. Dangane da lokacin furanni iri-iri sun kasu kashi 3: 1) da wuri; 2) matsakaici; 3) marigayi flowering. A cikin iri-iri, furanni na pistil da tsire-tsire na stamen na iya faruwa a lokaci guda. Saboda haka, don tabbatar da pollination na al'ada, ana zaɓar nau'in pistil da tsire-tsire masu fure a lokaci guda. Ana canza pollen zuwa furannin pistil ta kwari da iska.
Actinidia furanni emit wani m da m ƙanshi, suna daidai pollinated da bumblebees da ƙudan zuma, amma ba su da zuma ƙudan zuma, domin ba su da nectaries. Kudan zuma suna amfani da pollen daga waɗannan furanni azaman abincin furotin. Tsawon lokacin flowering shine kwanaki goma zuwa goma sha biyu. A lokaci guda, actinidia yana samar da ƙananan harbe waɗanda suka girma har zuwa mita biyu a lokacin rani. Tare da farkon kaka, ci gaban lianas yana tsayawa, kuma ana kafa buds akan harbe. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari a cikin actinidia suna cike da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, suna da dandano mai dadi da wadata. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na 'ya'yan itace actinidia shine cewa suna canza ƙanshi daga shekara zuwa shekara. Wani lokaci berries suna wari kamar abarba, wani lokacin - apple. Gidan shuka yana da wurin shakatawa na ƙudan zuma 120, waɗanda ake amfani da su don lalata furannin actinidia yayin fure.
Ukrainian wata jiha ce ta lambuna, tare da furanni wanda aka fara pollination na amfanin gona. Apricot yana fara farawa, sannan cherries, cherries. Kusan lokaci guda tare da su furanni plum, sa'an nan pear, rani irin apple, da kuma hunturu iri ya kammala flowering. Duk nau'in nau'in 'ya'yan itace, masu furanni na bisexual, an ƙera su. Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan hatsi za a iya pollinated tare da pollen na nau'ikan su kuma suna ba da ƙaramin girbi. Waɗannan nau'ikan kuma suna ba da 'ya'ya mafi kyau tare da giciye-pollination. Ana hana pollination kai ta ainihin tsarin furanninsu, kwanakin maturation na pistils da anthers daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, pollen daga fure ɗaya ko iri ɗaya daga wata bishiyar ba ta ba da hadi ba. Furen nau'in 'ya'yan itacen yana iya zama takin pollen ne kawai ta hanyar pollinator iri-iri. A cikin aikin noma, mafi kyawun pollinators an san su da wasu nau'ikan. Dole ne a yi la'akari da wannan lokacin shimfida lambuna. Baya ga babban iri-iri, dangane da nau'in lambun, shuka nau'ikan pollinators daban-daban. Sakamakon pollination da yawan amfanin gonaki ya dogara ne akan fasahar noma na noma, shekarun bishiyoyi, ƙarfin fure, yanayin yanayi, musamman lokacin fure, da pollination na ƙudan zuma. Har yanzu akwai ƴan ƙwarin daji masu yin pollining a farkon wannan lokacin bazara, kuma rawar da suke takawa a aikin pollination ba shi da ƙima. Babban pollinators na lambuna su ne zuma ƙudan zuma. Idan ba tare da su ba, itatuwan 'ya'yan itace ba sa samar da ovaries kuma bayan yawancin furanni kusan ba su ba da girbi da ake so ba. Lokacin da jikewar ƙudan zuma ya yi girma, lambuna masu ƙarfi suna samar da 30 - 40% na ovaries masu amfani, kuma tare da yawan ovary 2 - 3% na furanni suna ba da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Furannin wasu nau'ikan suna da kututture na kusa, wanda ke sa ƙudan zuma ke da wuya su sami damar samun kwaya. Waɗannan furanni suna da kyau pollinated da ƙudan zuma da ke tattara pollen. A cikin wasu nau'ikan, samun dama ga nectar kyauta ne. Ƙudan zuma, tattara shi, pollinate furanni ƙasa, kuma ovaries an kafa ƙasa.
bisa ga kayan daga mujallar Kayan lambu da 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari