Tsire-tsire suna da mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na saman duniya. To mene ne mabudin nasararsu?
Mutane sukan yi la'akari da tsire-tsire a matsayin mai sauƙi, rayuwa marar hankali. Suna iya zama kafe a wuri guda, amma yawancin masana kimiyya suna koyon tsiro, mafi hadaddun da amsa mun gane su ne. Suna da kyau wajen daidaita yanayin gida. Tsire-tsire ƙwararru ne, suna yin mafi yawan abin da ke kusa da inda suke tsiro.
Koyo game da intricacies na shuka rayuwa ne game da fiye da ban mamaki mai ban sha'awa a cikin mutane ko da yake. Nazarin tsire-tsire kuma game da tabbatarwa har yanzu muna iya noman amfanin gona a nan gaba yayin da canjin yanayi ya sa yanayin mu ya ƙara tsananta.
Alamun muhalli suna tsara girma da haɓaka tsirrai. Misali, tsire-tsire da yawa suna amfani da su tsawon rana kamar alamar don jawo furanni. Rabin ɓoyayyun tsire-tsire, tushen, suma suna amfani da alamu daga kewayen su don tabbatar da ingantaccen siffar su don cin abinci da ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki.
Tushen suna kare tsire-tsire daga damuwa kamar fari ta hanyar daidaita su (reshe don haɓaka su yankin farfajiya, misali) don samun ƙarin ruwa. Amma har kwanan nan, ba mu fahimci yadda tushen ke jin ko akwai ruwa a cikin ƙasan da ke kewaye ba.
Ruwa shine mafi mahimmancin kwayoyin halitta a duniya. Da yawa ko kaɗan na iya lalata tsarin halittu. Mummunan tasirin sauyin yanayi (kamar yadda aka gani kwanan nan a Turai da gabashin Afirka) yana yin duka ambaliya da fari sun fi yawa. Tun da canjin yanayi is yin yanayin ruwan sama ƙara rashin kuskure, koyan yadda tsire-tsire ke amsawa karancin ruwa yana da mahimmanci don sanya amfanin gona ya zama mai juriya.
Tawagarmu ta masana kimiyyar tsirrai da ƙasa da masana lissafi kwanan nan gano yaya tushen shuka daidaita surar su don ƙara yawan shan ruwa. Tushen yawanci reshe a kwance. Amma suna dakatar da reshe lokacin da suka rasa hulɗa da ruwa (kamar girma ta hanyar rata mai cike da iska a cikin ƙasa) kuma saiwoyin kawai suna sake reshe da zarar sun sake haɗawa da ƙasa mai ɗanɗano.
Ƙungiyarmu ta gano cewa tsire-tsire suna amfani da tsarin da ake kira hydrosignalling don sarrafa inda tushen reshe a mayar da martani ga samuwar ruwa a cikin ƙasa.
Hydrosignalling shine hanyar da tsire-tsire ke gane inda ruwa yake, ba ta hanyar auna matakan danshi kai tsaye ba amma ta hanyar fahimtar wasu kwayoyin halitta masu narkewa waɗanda ke motsawa da ruwa a cikin tsire-tsire. Wannan yana yiwuwa ne kawai saboda (ba kamar Kwayoyin dabbobi) Kwayoyin shuka suna haɗuwa da juna ta kananan pores.
Waɗannan pores suna ba da damar ruwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu narkewa (ciki har da hormones) don tafiya tare tsakanin tushen sel da kyallen takarda. Lokacin da tushen shuka ya ɗauki ruwa, yana tafiya ta cikin ƙwanƙolin epidermal.
Kwayoyin tushen waje kuma sun ƙunshi a hormone wanda ke inganta reshe mai suna auxin. Shan ruwa yana haifar da reshe ta hanyar tattara auxin ciki zuwa tushen tushen ciki. Lokacin da aka daina samun ruwa a waje, a ce lokacin da tushen ya girma ta rata mai cike da iska, tushen tushen yana buƙatar ruwa don girma.
Don haka lokacin da tushen ba zai iya ɗaukar ruwa daga ƙasa ba, dole ne su dogara da ruwa daga jijiyar kansu a cikin tushen. Wannan yana canza alkiblar motsin ruwa, wanda ya sa yanzu ya koma waje, wanda ke rushe magudanar ruwan hormone auxin.
Shuka kuma yana yin wani anti-branching hormone da ake kira ABA a cikin tushen sa. ABA yana motsawa tare da kwararar ruwa kuma, a cikin kishiyar shugabanci zuwa auxin. Don haka lokacin da tushen ya faɗo a kan ruwa daga jijiyar tsire-tsire, tushen kuma yana zana hormone anti-reshe zuwa kansu.
ABA yana dakatar da reshen tushe ta hanyar rufe duk ƙananan pores waɗanda ke haɗa tushen ƙwayoyin cuta-kamar ƙofofin fashewa a kan jirgi. Wannan yana toshe tushen sel daga juna kuma yana dakatar da auxin yana motsawa cikin yardar kaina da ruwa, yana toshe tushen rassan. Wannan tsari mai sauƙi yana ba da damar tushen shuka don daidaita siffar su zuwa yanayin ruwa na gida. Yana da ake kira xerobranching (lafazin zerobranching).
Hakazalika bincikenmu ya gano cewa tushen shuka yana amfani da irin wannan tsarin don rage asarar ruwa a matsayin harbe. Ganye yana daina asarar ruwa a lokacin fari ta hanyar rufe ƙananan pores da ake kira stomata a saman su. Hakanan ABA hormone yana haifar da rufewar stomata. Hakazalika, a cikin tushen ABA yana ragewa asarar ruwa ta hanyar rufe nano-pores mai suna plasmodesmata wanda ke haɗa kowane tushen tantanin halitta tare.
Tushen tumatur, thale cress, masara, alkama da sha'ir duk suna amsa danshi ta wannan hanyar, duk da haɓakar ƙasa da yanayi daban-daban. Misali, Tumatir ya samo asali ne daga hamada ta Kudancin Amurka, alhãli kuwa tale cress ya fito ne daga yankuna masu zafi na tsakiyar Asiya. Wannan yana nuna xerobranching wata dabi'a ce ta gama gari a cikin tsire-tsire masu fure, waɗanda sama da shekaru miliyan 200 ke ƙasa da tsire-tsire marasa fure kamar ferns.
Tushen ferns, nau'in shukar ƙasa da wuri, ba sa amsa ruwa ta wannan hanyar. Tushen su ya fi girma iri ɗaya. Wannan yana nuna nau'ikan furanni sun fi dacewa da su ruwa damuwa fiye da tsire-tsire na ƙasa na farko kamar ferns.
Tsire-tsire masu fure na iya yin mulkin mallaka da kewayo na yanayin muhalli da muhalli fiye da nau'ikan da ba furanni ba. Ganin saurin sauye-sauyen yanayin ruwan sama a duk faɗin duniya, ƙarfin tsire-tsire fahimtar da daidaitawa da yanayin yanayin danshin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci yanzu fiye da kowane lokaci.