Masu bincike sun ga gaurayawan sakamako a cikin shekaru biyu na farko na gwaji na nazarin tasirin ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa akan samar da strawberry.
Amanda McWhirt, kwararre a fannin noma a Jami'ar Arkansas, ta gabatar da sakamakon binciken har zuwa lokacin taron 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu na Kudu maso Gabas na baya-bayan nan. Ta fad'a a d'akin Ƙungiyar Manoman Strawberry ta Arewacin Amirka taron shekara-shekara, wanda aka gudanar a zaman wani ɓangare na shari'ar a Savannah, Georgia. McWhirt ya kasance mataimaki na binciken digiri na kimiyyar noma a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina a lokacin da aka gudanar da binciken.
"Ayyukan bincikenmu ya nemi kimanta ko ayyukan kula da ƙasa waɗanda ke da nufin inganta lafiyar ƙasa (ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa mai dorewa) na iya yin tasiri kan amfanin ƙasa, ingancin 'ya'yan itace da matakan lafiyar ƙasa a cikin tsarin samar da strawberry na al'ada da kuma waɗanda ba a lalata su ba, ” in ji ta.
Ayyukan da aka kimanta sune: takin da aka yi amfani da shi a 7.5 ton a kowace kadada; amfanin gona murfin rani na kilo 100 na saniya da fam 10 na gero lu'u-lu'u; toshe rigakafin shuka tare da vermicompost da fungi na arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF); da kuma haɗe-haɗe iri-iri na waɗannan ayyuka da suka haɗa da takin zamani da kayan amfanin gona mai rufewa da takin da kayan amfanin gona na rufewa da toshe inoculation.
An yi amfani da waɗannan jiyya a cikin nau'ikan fumigated (Pic-Clor 60) da kuma tsarin filastik marasa fumigated.
Manyan tambayoyin bincike sune:
- Idan aka kwatanta tsakanin tsarin fumigation guda biyu, menene tasirin waɗannan ayyukan akan yawan amfanin ƙasa, ingancin 'ya'yan itace da matakan lafiyar ƙasa?
- Shin za a iya sake dawo da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa masu kyau zuwa cikin tsarin da ba su da iska ta hanyar allurar toshe?
An gudanar da binciken a cikin yanayi na 2014 da 2015 a cikin Cibiyar Kula da Ayyukan Noma na Muhalli (CEFS) a Goldsboro, North Carolina.
“Mun kuma yi aiki da manoma biyar don gano yadda ake amfani da allurar riga-kafi a gonakinsu; daya daga cikin wadannan kuma ya qaddamar da ɗimbin ayyukan kula da ƙasa mai ɗorewa tare da haɗin gwiwar aikin," in ji McWhirt.
Duk wuraren dashen bincike sun yi amfani da ciyawar Chandler strawberry cultivar, yayin da gonaki suka taso da iri-iri.
Membobin aikin sune McWhirt, Michelle Schroeder-Moreno, Gina Fernandez, Yasmin Cardoza da Hannah Burrack.
"Muna duban takin musamman, amfanin gona na rani da inoculants na ƙasa mai fa'ida da aka saka a cikin toshe strawberry," in ji ta.
"Manufar da ke yin wannan binciken shine kimanta hadaya daga waɗannan ayyukan samarwa zuwa samar da filastik, da ba ya kamata mu tsara takamaiman shawarwari game da sakamakon waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawan waɗannan ayyukan, duka akan yawansu da kuma lafiyar ƙasa tsakanin tsarin fumigation daban-daban, "in ji ta.
"A cikin binciken na shekaru biyu, mun ga cewa wasu ayyuka sun kasance suna samar da mafi kyau a cikin tsarin fumigated, kuma wasu ayyuka sun haifar da mafi kyau a cikin tsarin da ba su da fumigated," in ji ta. "A cikin tsarin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba, amfanin gona ya kasance yana samar da mafi girma, yayin da dabarun shigar da toshe da alama suna da babban tasiri akan haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin tsarin da ba ya da iska. Mun ga cewa takin yana da tasiri kan haɓaka wasu matakan haɓakar ƙasa, musamman pH a cikin nau'in ƙarfin musayar.
“Ba mu ga cewa akwai wasu canje-canje na zahiri a cikin ƙasa ba bayan shekaru biyu, don haka babu wani canje-canjen da za a iya samu na jimlar kwanciyar hankali ko kwayoyin halitta. Mun ga wasu sakamako masu ban sha'awa game da abubuwan nazarin halittu na lafiyar ƙasa. Musamman ma, muna amfani da dabarar rigakafin toshe nau'in tare da ra'ayin cewa za mu iya sake dawo da waɗannan kyawawan ƙwayoyin ƙasa a cikin tsarin da ba a so. Kuma mun lura da hakan ta hanyar kallon fungi na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tushen strawberry.
"Ainihin, abin da muka gani shine ba mu sami damar sake kafa fungi na mycorrhizal ba a cikin tsarin da ba a so ba," in ji McWhirt. “Don haka dabarar rigakafin mu ba ta yi aiki ba saboda wannan dalili.
"A karshen kakar wasa ta biyu, muna so mu kimanta yawan yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa, kuma mun ga cewa akwai babban tasiri na fumigation akan har yanzu rage ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, har ma da watanni takwas bayan taron fumigation na ƙarshe, ” in ji ta. "Ba mu ga cewa duk wani aikin samarwa zai iya rage wannan raguwa ba. Takin inoculation na toshe da kayan amfanin gona duk suna da ɗan ƙaramin aiki na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta dangane da sarrafawa a cikin tsarin fumigated, amma babu ɗayansu da ya sake kafa ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta daidai gwargwado a cikin abin da muka gani a cikin tsarin da ba ya da iska.
"A ƙarshe," in ji McWhirt, "mun ga wasu sakamako inda fumigation a zahiri yana yin tasiri kan ingancin 'ya'yan itace, musamman rayuwar shiryayye da ɗanɗanon 'ya'yan itace, inda berries ke da wasu ma'auni na rayuwar shiryayye waɗanda a zahiri sun fi kyau lokacin da muke hayaniya. Amma berries kuma suna da ƙananan matakan brix da zaƙi lokacin da muke yin fumigating, musamman a nan kudu maso gabas, inda yawancin masu noman mu ke tallatawa zuwa naku, kuma dandano yana da mahimmanci.
"Don haka raguwar ɗanɗanon a ƙarƙashin tsarin da aka lalata na iya buƙatar zama wani abu da manoma ke buƙatar yin la'akari da su a nan gaba," in ji ta. "Ko da yake mun ga aikace-aikacen takin na iya ƙara zaƙi na Berry - ko muna shan iska ko a'a - ta yadda masu noma za su iya amfani da su."
Tasiri kan girma shuka
Babu wani tasiri mai ƙarfi na ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa akan haɓakar shuka, sai dai tare da allurar toshe. A cikin shekaru biyu, toshe inoculation ya haifar da manyan matosai a lokacin dasa shuki, kuma a cikin 2015, matosai da aka yi amfani da su suna da tsarin tushen mafi girma a cikin filayen da ba su da fumigated kamar yadda aka auna a wurare biyar daban-daban a lokacin bazara. Fumigation ya ƙãra nauyin kambi a cikin 2014, da girman shuka gaba ɗaya a cikin 2015.
Ba da sakamako
"A cikin shekaru biyun, mun lura cewa wasu ayyukan gudanarwa sun shafi yawan amfanin ƙasa daban-daban dangane da ko an yi amfani da su a cikin samar da fumigated ko ba tare da fumigated ba," in ji McWhirt.
A wasu lokuta, ayyukan gudanarwa suna da tasiri daban-daban akan yawan amfanin ƙasa idan aka haɗa su da wasu ayyuka. Babu, duk da haka, da alama akwai ƙarin tasiri, inda idan ayyuka biyu suka yi kyau ban da tasirin su yana ƙaruwa lokacin da aka haɗa ayyukan.
"Ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa ba su yi tasiri ba a cikin kowane tsarin fumigation a daidaitaccen tsari a cikin shekaru biyu da aka yi nazarin su," in ji McWhirt. "Duk da haka, lokacin da aka daidaita cikin shekaru biyu, toshe inoculation ya haifar da mafi girma a cikin duka tsarin fumigation, kuma rufe amfanin gona shi kaɗai ya haifar da mafi girma a cikin tsarin fumigated."
Sakamakon ingancin 'ya'yan itace. Masu bincike kawai sun auna ɗanɗanon 'ya'yan itace da rayuwar rayuwa a cikin 2015, bayan masu zaɓe a tashar bincike sun lura da berries waɗanda ba su da ɗanɗano mai zaki a cikin 2014.
Don tabbatar da wannan, masu bincike sun tattara berries a kan kwanaki uku daban-daban a lokacin kakar 2015 kuma sun kimanta su don rayuwar rayuwa da dandano. Fumigated berries ya fi inganci bayan kwana takwas a cikin firiji a cikin firiji fiye da berries marasa fumigated. Berries da aka girma tare da takin gargajiya kadai suna da matakan brix mafi girma.
Canje-canje ga lafiyar ƙasa. Rufe amfanin gona ya rage ciyawa lokacin rani, kuma an sami ƙarin raguwar ciyawa a cikin waɗanda su ma suka sami takin, wanda zai iya nuna saurin kafa amfanin gona. Halin yanayin amfanin gona na rufe bai bambanta ba tsakanin filayen da aka samu takin kafin a fara samar da amfanin gona da kuma wuraren da ba na takin ba.
Tasiri akan kwanciyar hankali na ƙasa, ikon ƙasa don tsayayya da yashwa. Bayan shekara ta biyu, maƙallan da ba su da fumigated suna da ma'auni mafi girma na ƙasar da za ta iya jure wa yashwa. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa suna ba da gudummawa a wani ɓangare ga wannan ƙarfin saboda abubuwa masu kama da manne da suke fitarwa zuwa cikin ƙasa waɗanda ke haɗa sassan ƙasa tare. Masu bincike har yanzu suna binciken wannan sakamakon.
Tasiri akan nematodes. A cikin samfurin nematode a ƙarshen Mayu da farkon Yuni na 2014 da 2015, babu wani tasiri na fumigation ko ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa akan yawan nematode.
Tasiri kan al'ummomin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa. A cikin yin samfurin girman al'ummar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a farkon watan Yuni 2015, an sami gagarumin tasiri na fumigation akan rage ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa. An sami tasirin takin akan haɓaka wasu kyawawan ƙwayoyin cuta da rage wasu a cikin tsarin fumigated da mara fumigated. A cikin shekaru biyu, takin da kuma rufe amfanin gona sun ba da isasshen nitrogen kafin shuka.
Dubi bidiyo akan tasirin ayyukan kula da ƙasa mai ɗorewa a cikin samar da strawberry.
- Gary Pullano, editan aboki