Wasu tsire-tsire na iya rayuwa watanni ba tare da ruwa ba, kawai su sake komawa kore bayan ɗan gajeren ruwan sama. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da Jami’o’in Bonn da Michigan suka yi ya nuna cewa wannan ba saboda “Gidan Mu’ujiza ba ne.” Maimakon haka, wannan ƙarfin shine sakamakon gabaɗayan hanyar sadarwa na kwayoyin halitta, kusan dukkanin waɗanda kuma suna cikin mafi rauni iri. Sakamakon ya riga ya bayyana akan layi a ciki Jaridar Shuka.
A cikin binciken da suka yi, masu binciken sun yi nazari sosai kan wani nau'in nau'in da aka dade ana nazari a Jami'ar Bonn- tsiron tashin matattu Craterostigma plantagineum. Tana ɗauke da sunanta daidai: A lokacin fari, mutum zai yi tunanin ya mutu. Amma ko bayan watanni na fari, ruwa kadan ya isa ya farfado da shi. "A cibiyar mu, mun yi nazarin yadda shuka ke yin haka shekaru da yawa," in ji Farfesa Dorothea Bartels daga Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Halittar Halitta da Kimiyyar Tsirrai (IMBIO) a Jami'ar Bonn.
Bukatar ta sun hada da kwayoyin wadanda ke da alhakin jure wa fari. Ya ƙara fitowa fili cewa wannan ikon ba sakamakon “jinin mu’ujiza” ɗaya ne ba. Maimakon haka, yawancin kwayoyin halitta suna da hannu, yawancin su kuma ana samun su a cikin nau'in da ba su iya jure wa fari sosai.
Itacen yana da kwafi takwas na kowane chromosome
A cikin binciken na yanzu, ƙungiyar Bartel, tare da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Michigan (Amurka), sun yi nazari kan cikakken kwayar halittar Craterostigma plantagineum. Kuma wannan an gina shi sosai: Yayin da yawancin dabbobi suna da kwafi biyu na kowane chromosome-ɗaya daga uwa, ɗaya daga uba-Craterostigma yana da takwas. Irin wannan nau'in kwayar halitta "ninki biyu" kuma ana kiransa octoploid. Mu mutane, akasin haka, diploid ne.
“Ana iya ganin irin wannan yawan bayanan kwayoyin halitta a yawancinsu tsire-tsire wadanda suka samo asali a karkashin matsananci yanayi, "in ji Bartels. Amma me yasa haka? Dalili mai yiwuwa: Idan kwayar halitta tana cikin kwafi takwas maimakon biyu, ana iya karanta shi sau huɗu cikin sauri. Don haka kwayar halittar octoploid na iya ba da damar samar da adadi mai yawa na furotin da ake buƙata don samar da sauri. Wannan ikon kuma ya bayyana yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban jurewar fari.
A cikin Craterostigma, wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da juriya ga fari sun ma ƙara yin kwafi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abin da ake kira ELIPs—acronym yana nufin “sunadarai marasa lahani na farkon haske,” kamar yadda haske ke kunna su da sauri kuma suna kare su daga damuwa mai ƙarfi. Suna faruwa a cikin manyan lambobi a cikin duk nau'ikan jurewar fari.
"Craterostigma yana da kusan kwayoyin halittar 200-ELIP waɗanda suke kusan iri ɗaya kuma suna cikin manyan gungu na kwafi goma ko ashirin akan ƙwayoyin chromosomes daban-daban," in ji Bartels. Don haka tsire-tsire masu jure wa fari na iya ƙila su zana hanyar sadarwa mai yawa na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda za su iya daidaitawa cikin sauri a cikin yanayin fari.
Jinsunan da ke fama da fari yawanci suna da kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya - ko da yake a ƙananan lambobi. Wannan kuma ba abin mamaki bane: tsaba da pollen na yawancin shuke-shuke sau da yawa har yanzu suna iya girma bayan dogon lokaci ba tare da ruwa ba. Don haka su ma suna da tsarin kwayoyin halitta don kariya daga fari. "Duk da haka, ana kashe wannan shirin a lokacin haifuwa kuma ba za a iya sake kunna shi ba daga baya," in ji masanin ilimin botanist. "A cikin tsire-tsire na tashin matattu, akasin haka, yana ci gaba da aiki."
Yawancin nau'ikan 'suna iya yin' jurewar fari
Haƙurin fari, wani abu ne da yawancin tsire-tsire “zasu iya yi.” Kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da wannan damar mai yiwuwa sun fito da wuri a cikin tsarin juyin halitta. Duk da haka, waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa sun fi dacewa a cikin nau'in jurewar fari kuma, haka ma, ba sa aiki kawai a wasu matakai na rayuwa.
Wannan ya ce, ba kowane tantanin halitta a cikin Craterostigma plantagineum yana da "shirin fari" iri ɗaya ba. Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Düsseldorf ne suka nuna hakan, wadanda kuma suka shiga cikin binciken. Misali, nau'ikan hanyoyin sadarwar fari daban-daban suna aiki a cikin tushen lokacin bushewa fiye da ganyaye. Wannan binciken ba zato ba ne: Ganye, alal misali, suna buƙatar kare kansu daga illar rana. Ana taimaka musu a cikin wannan ta hanyar ELIPs, alal misali. Tare da isasshen danshi, shukar ta samar da pigments na photoynthetic waɗanda aƙalla ke ɗaukar radiyo. Wannan kariyar dabi'a tana kasawa sosai yayin fari. Tushen, da bambanci, ba dole ba ne su damu da kunar rana a jiki.
Nazarin ya inganta fahimtar dalilin da yasa wasu jinsunan wahala kadan daga fari. A cikin dogon lokaci, zai iya ba da gudummawa ga kiwo na amfanin gona kamar alkama ko masara waɗanda zasu fi dacewa da su fari. A lokutan sauyin yanayi, da alama waɗannan suna cikin buƙatu fiye da kowane lokaci a nan gaba.