Masana kimiyya na Jami'ar California sun gano bayanan kwayoyin halitta da za su taimaka wa amfanin gonakin abinci kamar tumatir da shinkafa su rayu tsawon lokaci, mafi tsananin lokacin fari a duniyarmu ta dumamar yanayi.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ƙungiyar bincike ta nemi ƙirƙirar atlas na kwayoyin halitta na tushen amfanin gona, inda tsire-tsire suka fara gano illar fari da sauran barazanar muhalli. Ta yin haka, sun gano kwayoyin halittar da masana kimiyya za su iya amfani da su don kare tsiron daga wadannan matsalolin. Ayyukan su, an buga Mayu 20 a cikin mujallar cell, ya sami babban matakin fahimtar ayyukan tushen saboda ya haɗu da bayanan kwayoyin halitta daga sel daban-daban na tushen tumatir da ke girma a ciki da waje.
"Sau da yawa, masu bincike suna yin gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje da na greenhouse, amma manoma suna shuka abubuwa a cikin filin, kuma wannan bayanan yana duba samfuran filin kuma," in ji Neelima Sinha, farfesa na UC Davis a fannin nazarin halittun shuka kuma marubucin takardar. Bayanan sun samar da bayanai game da kwayoyin halitta da ke gaya wa shuka ta yi abubuwa uku masu mahimmanci.
Xylem ramuka ne, tasoshin kamar bututu waɗanda ke jigilar ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki daga tushen har zuwa harbe. Ba tare da sufuri a cikin xylem ba, shuka ba zai iya ƙirƙirar abincinsa ta hanyar photosynthesis ba. "Xylem na da matukar muhimmanci ga tsiro tsiro daga fari da gishiri da sauran matsalolin," in ji marubucin binciken Siobhan Brady, farfesa a fannin nazarin halittu a UC Davis.
Hakanan, idan ba tare da jigilar ma'adinai a cikin xylem ba, mutane da sauran dabbobi za su sami ƙarancin bitamin da abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci don rayuwarmu. Baya ga wasu 'yan wasa na yau da kullun da ake buƙata don samar da xylem, an sami sabbin kwayoyin halitta masu ban mamaki.
Mabuɗin maɓalli na biyu na kwayoyin halitta sune waɗanda ke jagorantar wani waje na tushen don samar da lignin da suberin. Suberin shine babban abu a cikin abin toshe kwalaba kuma yana kewaye da kwayoyin shuka a cikin kauri mai kauri, yana riƙe da ruwa yayin fari. Kayan amfanin gona kamar tumatir da shinkafa suna da suberin a cikin tushen. 'Ya'yan itacen apple suna da suberin kewaye da sel na waje. Duk inda ya faru, yana hana shuka daga rasa ruwa. Lignin kuma yana hana sel kuma yana ba da tallafin injina.
"Suberin da lignin su ne nau'ikan kariya na fari na halitta, kuma yanzu da aka gano kwayoyin halittar da ke ɓoye su a cikin wannan takamaiman nau'in sel, ana iya haɓaka waɗannan mahadi," in ji marubucin binciken Julia Bailey-Serres, UC. Farfesa a fannin ilimin halittu na Riverside. "Na yi farin ciki da mun koyi abubuwa da yawa game da kwayoyin halittar da ke tsara wannan shingen shingen danshi. Yana da matukar mahimmanci don samun damar inganta jurewar fari ga amfanin gona,” in ji ta.
Kwayoyin halittar da ke ɓoye tushen tushen shuka suma sun zama kamanceceniya tsakanin tumatur, shinkafa, da Arabidopsis, shuka iri iri. Meristem shine tushen tsiro na kowane tushe, kuma shine tushen dukkan sel waɗanda suka zama tushen.
Bailey-Serres ya ce "Yankin ne zai samar da sauran tushen, kuma ya zama tushen tushensa," in ji Bailey-Serres. “Yana bayyana kaddarorin tushen su kansu, kamar girman girman su. Samun iliminsa na iya taimaka mana haɓaka ingantattun tsarin tushen tushe.”
Brady ya bayyana cewa lokacin da manoma ke sha'awar wani amfanin gona, suna zaɓar tsire-tsire waɗanda ke da abubuwan da za su iya gani, kamar manyan 'ya'yan itatuwa masu ban sha'awa. Mafi wahalarwa shine masu shayarwa su zaɓi tsire-tsire masu kaddarorin ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya gani ba.
"Rabin boye" na shuka, a ƙasa, yana da mahimmanci ga masu shayarwa suyi la'akari idan suna son shuka shuka cikin nasara," in ji Brady. "Samar da ikon gyara tushen tushen shuka zai taimaka mana injiniyoyin amfanin gona tare da kyawawan kaddarorin."
Ko da yake wannan binciken ya yi nazari akan tsire-tsire guda uku kawai, ƙungiyar ta yi imanin za a iya amfani da binciken da yawa sosai. "An raba tumatur da shinkafa da fiye da shekaru miliyan 125 na juyin halitta, duk da haka muna ganin kamanceceniya tsakanin kwayoyin halittar da ke sarrafa muhimman halaye," in ji Bailey-Serres. "Wataƙila waɗannan kamanceceniya sun kasance gaskiya ga sauran amfanin gona kuma."