Abdurahman Rabi'u a , Alireza Abdullahi b , Karim Rejeb c , Horst Treiblmaier d,
- a Sashen Gudanarwa da Doka, Faculty of Economics, Jami'ar Rome Tor Vergata, Via Columbia, 2, Rome 00133, Italiya
- b Sashen Gudanar da Kasuwanci, Kwalejin Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Kharazmi, 1599964511 Tehran, Iran
- c Faculty of Sciences na Bizerte, Jami'ar Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021 Bizerte, Tunisia
- d Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Duniya, Jami'ar Modul Vienna, Am Kahlenberg 1, 1190 Vienna, Austria
BAYANIN LABARI | ABDRACT |
keywords: drones UAV Daidaici aikin gona Internet na Things Littattafai | Jiragen sama marasa matuki, wanda kuma ake kira Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), sun shaida wani gagarumin ci gaba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cikin aikin noma, sun canza ayyukan noma ta hanyar baiwa manoman tanadin kuɗi mai yawa, haɓaka ingantaccen aiki, da ingantaccen riba. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, batun jirage marasa matuka na noma yana da ya jawo hankalin ilimi na ban mamaki. Don haka muna gudanar da cikakken bita bisa ga littafan littattafai don taƙaitawa da tsara wallafe-wallafen ilimi da ake da su da kuma bayyana yanayin bincike na yau da kullun da wuraren zafi. Mu yi amfani da dabarun bibliometric da nazarin wallafe-wallafen da ke kewaye da jirage marasa matuki na noma don taƙaitawa da tantance binciken da ya gabata. Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa fahimtar nesa, aikin noma na gaskiya, zurfin koyo, koyan injina, da Intanet na Abubuwa batutuwa ne masu mahimmanci da ke da alaƙa da jirage marasa matuƙa na noma. The co-citation bincike ya bayyana manyan gungu na bincike guda shida a cikin adabi. Wannan binciken yana ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin farko na taƙaita binciken marasa matuƙa a cikin aikin gona da bayar da shawarar hanyoyin bincike na gaba. |
Gabatarwa
Noma yana wakiltar tushen abinci na farko na duniya (Friha et al., 2021), kuma yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu tsanani saboda
karuwar buƙatun kayan abinci, amincin abinci, da matsalolin tsaro gami da kira ga kare muhalli, adana ruwa, da
dorewa (Inue, 2020). Ana hasashen wannan ci gaban zai ci gaba tun bayan da aka kiyasta yawan mutanen duniya zai kai biliyan 9.7 nan da shekarar 2050
(2019). Tunda noma ya zama babban misali na shan ruwa a duniya, ana sa ran bukatar abinci da ruwa
amfani zai karu sosai a nan gaba. Haka kuma, karuwar amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe qwari
tare da karfafa ayyukan noma na iya haifar da kalubalen muhalli a nan gaba. Hakazalika, ƙasar noma tana da iyaka, da kuma
adadin manoma yana raguwa a duniya. Waɗannan ƙalubalen suna ƙarfafa buƙatar sababbin hanyoyin magance noma da ɗorewa (Iliya
et al., 2018; Friha et al., 2021; Inuwa, 2020; Tzounis et al., 2017).
An gano haɗa sabbin fasahohin zamani a matsayin mafita mai ban sha'awa don magance waɗannan ƙalubale. Aikin noma mai hankali (Brewster et al.,
2017; Tang et al., 2021) da ingantaccen aikin noma (Feng et al., 2019; Khanna & Kaur, 2019) sun bayyana sakamakon irin wannan muhawarar. The
tsohon ra'ayi ne na gaba ɗaya don ɗaukar fasahar sadarwar sadarwa (ICT) da sauran sabbin sabbin abubuwa a cikin ayyukan noma don haɓaka inganci da inganci (Haque et al., 2021). Ƙarshen yana mai da hankali kan ƙayyadaddun gudanarwa na wurin da aka raba ƙasar zuwa cikinsa
sassa iri ɗaya, kuma kowane sashi yana samun ainihin adadin shigar aikin noma don inganta yawan amfanin gona ta hanyar fasahar zamani (Feng et al., 2019; Khanna & Kaur, 2019). Fitattun fasahohin da suka ja hankalin malamai a wannan fanni sun hada da Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) (J. Zheng & Yang, 2018; Y. Zhou et al., 2016), Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT) (Gill et al., 2017; He et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2019),
dabarun fasaha na wucin gadi (AI), gami da koyan injin da zurfafa ilmantarwa (Liakos et al., 2018; Parsaeian et al., 2020; Shadrin et al.,
2019), fasahar kwamfuta (Hsu et al., 2020; Jinbo et al., 2019; Zamora-Izquierdo et al., 2019), manyan bayanai (Gill et al., 2017; Tantalaki
et al., 2019), da blockchain (PW Khan et al., 2020; Pincheira et al., 2021).
Baya ga fasahohin da aka ambata a sama, ana ɗaukar hangen nesa a matsayin kayan aikin fasaha tare da babban yuwuwar haɓakawa
aikin noma mai hankali da daidaito. Tauraron dan adam, jirage masu aikin ɗan adam, da jirage marasa matuki sanannu ne fasahar jin nesa (Tsouros et al., 2019).
Jiragen sama marasa matuki, waɗanda aka fi sani da Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), da kuma jirage masu tuƙi daga nesa.
muhimmiyar mahimmanci kamar yadda suke da fa'idodi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran fasahohin jin nesa. Misali, jirage marasa matuka na iya bayarwa
hotuna masu inganci da maɗaukaki masu ƙarfi a kan kwanakin girgije (Manfreda et al., 2018). Hakanan, samuwarsu da saurin canja wuri ya ƙunshi wasu
fa'idodi (Radoglou-Grammatikis et al., 2020). Idan aka kwatanta da jirgin sama, drones suna da tsada sosai kuma suna da sauƙin saitawa da kulawa (Tsouros et al., 2019). Duk da an fara amfani da su don dalilai na soji, jirage marasa matuki na iya amfana da aikace-aikacen farar hula da yawa, misali a cikin sarrafa sarkar samar da kayayyaki (A. Rejeb, Rejeb, et al., 2021a), don dalilai na jin kai (A. Rejeb, Rejeb, et al., 2021c), aikin gona mai wayo, bincike da taswira, takaddun al'adun gargajiya, sarrafa bala'i, da gandun daji da kiyaye namun daji (Panday, Pratihast, et al., 2020). A cikin aikin noma, wurare da yawa na aikace-aikacen jiragen sama suna wanzu kamar yadda za'a iya haɗa su tare da sabbin fasahohin zamani, damar yin lissafi, da na'urori masu auna sigina don tallafawa sarrafa amfanin gona (misali, taswira, saka idanu, ban ruwa, ganowar shuka) (H. Huang et al., 2021) , Rage bala'i, tsarin gargaɗin farko, namun daji da kiyaye gandun daji don suna kaɗan (Negash et al., 2019). Hakazalika, ana iya amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuki a cikin ayyukan noma da yawa, gami da saka idanu na amfanin gona da haɓaka, ƙididdige yawan amfanin ƙasa, kimanta matsalolin ruwa, da ciyawa, kwaro, da gano cututtuka (Inoue, 2020; Panday, Pratihast, et al., 2020). Ba wai kawai za a iya amfani da jirage marasa matuki ba don sa ido, ƙididdigewa, da dalilai na ganowa bisa la'akari da bayanansu na azanci, har ma don ingantaccen ban ruwa da ingantaccen ciyawa, kwari, da kula da cututtuka. A wasu kalmomi, jirage marasa matuka suna iya fesa ruwa da magungunan kashe qwari a daidai adadin dangane da bayanan muhalli. An taƙaita fa'idar jirage marasa matuƙa a aikin gona a cikin Tebu 1.
Babban fa'idar jirage marasa matuka a aikin gona.
amfana | Magana(s) |
Haɓaka na ɗan lokaci da sarari jin shawarwari | (Gago et al., 2015; Niu et al., 2020; Srivastava et al., 2020) |
Samar da ingantaccen aikin noma | (L. Deng et al., 2018; Kalischuk et al., 2019; Maimaitijiang et al., 2017) |
Rarrabewa da lekowa na amfanin gona | (Inoue, 2020; Kalischuk et al., 2019; Lopez-' Granados et al., 2016; Maimaitijiang et al., 2017; Melville et al., 2019; Moharana & Dutta, 2016) |
Amfani da taki | (L. Deng et al., 2018; Guan et al., 2019) |
Kula da fari | (Fawcett et al., 2020; Panday, Pratihast, et al., 2020; Su et al., 2018) |
Ƙimar halittu | (Bendig et al., 2014) |
Ƙimar yawan amfanin ƙasa | (Inoue, 2020; Panday, Shrestha, et al., 2020; Tao et al., 2020) |
Rage bala'i | (Negash et al., 2019) |
Kiyaye namun daji da gandun daji | (Negash et al., 2019; Panday, Pratihast, et al., 2020) |
Kimanta matsalolin ruwa | (Inoue, 2020; J. Su, Coombes, et al., 2018; L. Zhang et al., 2019) |
Kwari, ciyawa, da cututtuka ganowa | (Gaˇsparovi'c et al., 2020; Inoue, 2020; J. Su, Liu, et al., 2018; X. Zhang et al., 2019) |
A gefe guda kuma, jirage marasa matuka suna fuskantar gazawa. Shiga matukin jirgi, ƙarfin injin, kwanciyar hankali da aminci, ingancin na'urori masu auna firikwensin saboda ɗaukar nauyi
iyakance nauyi, farashin aiwatarwa, da ka'idojin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, suna cikin su (C. Zhang & Kovacs, 2012). Muna kwatanta gazawar
daga cikin fasahohin fasahar wayar hannu guda uku da ke cikin Tebura 2. Sauran fasahohin hangen nesa, irin su na'urorin firikwensin ƙasa, sun wuce abin da wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali a kai.
Nakasu na fasaha daban-daban na gano nesa ta wayar hannu.
M ganewa fasahar | Kuskuren | References |
Drone (UAV) | Shiga matukin jirgi; hotuna' inganci (matsakaici); farashin aiwatarwa (matsakaici); kwanciyar hankali, maneuverability, da dogara; daidaitawa; ikon injin; iyakantaccen iko kafofin (tsawon baturi); iyakataccen lokacin tashi, karo da hare-haren yanar gizo; iyakance nauyin kaya; manyan bayanai da iyakance sarrafa bayanai iyawa; rashin tsari; rashin gwaninta, babban shigarwa shingen shiga jirage marasa matuka na aikin gona; | (Bacco et al., 2018; Dawaliby et al., 2020; Hardin & Hardin, 2010; Hardin & Jensen, 2011; Lagas et al., 2018; Laliberte et al., 2007; Laliberte & Rango, 2011; Manfreda et al., 2018, 2018; Nebiker et al., 2008; Puri et al., 2017; Velusamy et al., 2022; C. Zhang & Kovacs, 2012) |
Tauraron Dan Adam | Rikicin tauraron dan adam na lokaci-lokaci, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙira; rauni ga al'amuran gani (misali, gajimare); Rashin samuwa da ƙananan saurin canja wuri; fuskantarwa da vignetting yana tasiri bayanan sarari masu tsada tarin; jinkirin isar da bayanai lokaci don ƙare masu amfani | (Aboutalebi et al., 2019; Cen et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2019; Nansen & Elliott, 2016; Panday, Pratihast, et al., 2020; Sai Vineth et al., 2019) |
Aircraft | Babban kudin tallafi; saiti mai rikitarwa; farashin kulawa; rashin abin dogaro jiragen sama, geometry na hotuna; bayanan da ba na yau da kullun ba samu; rashin sassauci; m hadurran; bayanan sensọ bambance-bambancen saboda rawar jiki; georeferencing al'amurran da suka shafi | (Armstrong et al., 2011; Atkinson et al., 2018; Barbedo & Koenigkan, 2018; Kovalev & Voroshilova 2020; Suomalainen et al., 2013; Thamm et al., 2013) |
A matsayinsa na fasaha da fasaha iri-iri a harkar noma, an bincika jiragen marasa matuki ta fuskoki daban-daban. Misali, malamai sun bincika aikace-aikacen drone a cikin aikin gona (Kulbacki et al., 2018; Mogili & Deepak, 2018), gudummawar su ga ingantaccen aikin gona (Puri et al., 2017; Tsouros et al., 2019), haɗin gwiwarsu tare da sauran su. fasahohin zamani (Al-Thani et al., 2020; Dutta & Mitra, 2021; Nayyar et al., 2020; Saha et al., 2018), da yuwuwar haɓaka ikon kewayawa da fahimtar su (Bareth et al. , 2015; Suomalainen et al., 2014). Tun da bincike kan aikace-aikacen jiragen sama a cikin aikin gona ya zama ruwan dare (Khan et al., 2021)), akwai buƙatar taƙaita wallafe-wallafen da ke da rai tare da bayyana tsarin basirar yankin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a matsayin babban filin fasaha tare da ci gaba da ingantawa, ana buƙatar gudanar da bita da aka tsara don taƙaita wallafe-wallafen lokaci-lokaci da kuma gano mahimman gibin bincike. Zuwa
kwanan wata, akwai ƴan bita da ke tattauna aikace-aikacen jirgi mara matuki a fannin aikin gona. Misali, Mogili and Deepak (2018) a taƙaice sun yi bitar abubuwan da drones ke haifarwa don lura da amfanin gona da fesa maganin kashe kwari. Inoue (2020) yana gudanar da bita kan amfani da tauraron dan adam da jirage marasa matuka a cikin hangen nesa a aikin gona. Marubucin ya bincika ƙalubalen fasaha na ɗaukar aikin noma mai wayo da gudummawar tauraron dan adam da jirage marasa matuki bisa nazarin yanayin da mafi kyawun ayyuka. Tsouros et al. (2019) ya taƙaita nau'ikan jirage marasa matuki daban-daban da manyan aikace-aikacen su a cikin aikin gona, yana nuna hanyoyin samun bayanai daban-daban da sarrafa su. Kwanan nan, Aslan et al. (2022) ya gudanar da cikakken nazari game da aikace-aikacen UAV a cikin ayyukan noma kuma ya jaddada mahimmancin wuri guda ɗaya da taswira don UAV a cikin greenhouse. Diaz-Gonzalez et al. (2022) ya sake nazarin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da samar da amfanin gona dangane da dabarun koyon injin daban-daban da nesa
tsarin ji. Binciken su ya nuna cewa UAVs suna da amfani don kimanta alamun ƙasa kuma sun fi ƙarfin tsarin tauraron dan adam dangane da ƙudurin sararin samaniya, ɗan lokaci bayanai, da sassauci. Basiri et al. (2022) yayi cikakken bita na hanyoyi da hanyoyi daban-daban don shawo kan ƙalubalen tsara hanyoyin don UAVs masu juyi da yawa a cikin mahallin madaidaicin noma. Haka kuma, Awais et al. (2022) ya taƙaita aikace-aikacen bayanan ji na nesa na UAV a cikin amfanin gona don ƙididdige matsayin ruwa kuma ya ba da ƙima mai zurfi na iyawar UAV mai nisa don aikace-aikacen damuwa. A ƙarshe, Aquilani et al. (2022) da aka yi bitar fasahohin noma na zamani da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin kiwo na kiwo kuma an gano cewa fahimtar nesa ta UAVs yana da fa'ida don kima da sarrafa kiwo.
Har ila yau, an yi rahoton ƙoƙarin yin amfani da UAVs a cikin sa ido, sa ido, da tattara dabbobin kwanan nan.
Ko da yake waɗannan sake dubawa suna ba da sabbin bayanai masu mahimmanci, ba za a iya samun cikakkiyar bita da na yau da kullun bisa ga kididdigar littattafai a cikin wallafe-wallafen ba, wanda ke ba da tazara ta ilimi. Bugu da ƙari, an bayyana cewa lokacin da samar da ƙwararrun masana suka girma a fannin kimiyya, yana da mahimmanci ga masu bincike suyi amfani da hanyoyin nazarin ƙididdiga don fahimtar tsarin ilimin yanki (Rivera & Pizam, 2015). Hakanan, Ferreira et al. (2014) ya bayar da hujjar cewa yayin da wuraren bincike suka girma kuma suka zama masu rikitarwa, ya kamata malamai su yi nufin yin amfani da lokaci-lokaci na fahimtar ilimin da aka samar da kuma tarawa don bayyana sababbin gudummawa, kama al'adun bincike da yanayin, gano batutuwan da aka yi nazari, da zurfafa cikin tsarin ilimin. filin da yuwuwar hanyoyin bincike. Yayin da Raparelli da Bajocco (2019) suka gudanar da nazarin bibliometric don nazarin ilimin ilimin aikace-aikacen jiragen sama a cikin aikin gona da gandun daji, binciken su kawai yayi la'akari da binciken masana da aka buga tsakanin 1995 da 2017, wanda baya nuna tasirin wannan yanki mai saurin tafiya. Bugu da ari, marubutan ba su yi ƙoƙarin gano gudunmawar da ta fi tasiri a fagen ba, tattara wallafe-wallafen, da kuma kimanta tsarin basira ta amfani da bincike na haɗin gwiwa. Sakamakon haka, ya zama dole a taƙaita wallafe-wallafen don bayyana abubuwan bincike na yanzu, abubuwan da ke faruwa, da wuraren zafi.
Don cike wannan gibin ilimi, muna yin amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdigewa da tsauraran hanyoyin bibliometric don bincika yanayin bincike na yanzu a mahadar jiragen sama da noma. Muna jayayya cewa binciken na yanzu yana ba da gudummawa da yawa ga wallafe-wallafen da ake da su ta hanyar nazarin fasaha mai tasowa wanda ake bukata sosai a aikin noma saboda yana ba da damar da za ta iya canza abubuwa da yawa a wannan bangare. Bukatar nazarin bibliometric na jirage marasa matuki na noma an fi saninsa idan aka yi la’akari da tarwatsewar ilimin da ke tattare da jirage marasa matuka a cikin mahallin noma. Hakazalika, ana buƙatar wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi jirage marasa matuƙa na aikin gona da su kasance cikin tsari bisa tsari, la'akari da nazarin da suka fi tasiri waɗanda suka gina tushen wannan fage na bincike. Cancantar da ke cikin bincike kuma ya haɗa da fayyace manyan jigogin bincike da aka wakilta a cikin adabi. Idan aka yi la'akari da yuwuwar sauya fasalin fasahar, mun ɗauka cewa bincike mai zurfi na hanyar sadarwa yana samar da sabbin dabaru ta hanyar tantance ayyuka masu tasiri da bayyana jigogi game da yuwuwar jiragen sama na noma.
Don haka muna ƙoƙarin cimma manufofin bincike kamar haka:
- Gano wallafe-wallafe masu tasiri tare da gudummawar ficewa ga aikace-aikacen drone a fagen aikin gona.
- Tarin wallafe-wallafen, gano abubuwan bincike, da taswirar babban binciken 'tsarin hankali' dangane da kamanceniyar ma'anar ta hanyar yin amfani da bincike na haɗin gwiwa.
- Fahimtar juyin halitta na haɗin gwiwa da hanyoyin sadarwa na lokaci a tsakanin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a cikin fage da gano hanyoyin bincike na gaba da batutuwa masu zafi.
Sauran takaddun an tsara su kamar haka: sashe na 2 ya bayyana hanyoyin da matakan tattara bayanai; Sashe na 3 ya ba da sakamakon binciken; kuma sashe na 4 ya tattauna sakamakon binciken kuma ya ƙare tare da gudunmawar bincike, abubuwan da suka faru, da kuma kwatance na gaba.
Hanyoyi
A cikin wannan binciken bincike na yanzu, muna gudanar da nazarin bibliometric don bincika aikace-aikacen drone a cikin aikin gona. Wannan tsarin ƙididdigewa yana bayyana tsarin ilimi na yankin ilimi (Arora & Chakraborty, 2021) da matsayi na yanzu, batutuwa masu zafi, da kuma hanyoyin bincike na gaba waɗanda za a iya bincika ta hanyar amfani da wannan hanyar (Kapoor et al., 2018; Mishra et al. , 2017; A. Rejeb, Rejeb, et al., 2021b; A. Rejeb et al., 2021d; MA Rejeb et al., 2020). Gabaɗaya, nazarin bibliometric yana nazarin ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen don taƙaitawa da gano ɓoyayyun tsarin sadarwar da aka rubuta da kuma juyin halitta na horo bisa ƙididdiga da hanyoyin lissafi, kuma ya shafi manyan bayanan bayanai (Pritchard, 1969; Small, 1999; Tahai & Rigsby , 1998). Ta amfani da bibliometrics, muna fatan samun ƙarin fahimtar abubuwan da ke akwai da abubuwan bincike waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yankin bisa kamanceceniya (Thelwall, 2008). Bibliometrics yana ba da sabbin fahimta waɗanda ke goyan bayan maƙasudin ƙarfin ƙididdige hanyoyin (Casillas & Acedo, 2007). Malamai da yawa a baya sun gudanar da nazarin bibliometric a cikin yankuna masu alaƙa, gami da aikin gona, hangen nesa, da canji na dijital (Armenta-Medina et al., 2020; Bouzembrak et al., 2019; A. Rejeb, Treiblmaier, et al., 2021; Wamba & Queiroz, 2021; Wang et al., 2019).
Binciken ambato
Binciken ƙididdiga yana bayyana ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin filin bincike da aka bayar. Da farko, yana taimakawa wajen bayyana mawallafa masu tasiri da wallafe-wallafen da ke ba da gudummawa ga filin bincike da aka ba da kuma yin tasiri mai mahimmanci (Gundolf & Filser, 2013). Na biyu, za a iya gano kwararar ilimi da hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin marubuta. A ƙarshe, ta hanyar gano hanyoyin da ke tsakanin ayyukan da aka ambata da kuma ambaton ayyukan, mutum na iya bincika canje-canje da juyin halitta na yanki na ilimi a kan lokaci (Pournader).
et al., 2020). Lambobi masu yawa na ɗaba'ar suna nuna mahimmancinta da kuma gagarumar gudunmawar da ake bayarwa ga yankin bincike (Baldi, 1998; Gundolf & Filser, 2013; Marinko, 1998). Binciken wallafe-wallafen kuma yana taimakawa wajen gano ayyukan da suka dace da bin diddigin shahararsu da ci gabansu na tsawon lokaci.
Binciken haɗin kai daftarin aiki
Binciken haɗin kai hanya ce mai mahimmanci don bincika alaƙa tsakanin wallafe-wallafe da kuma nuna tsarin tunani na filin (Nerur et al., 2008). A wasu kalmomi, ta hanyar gano wallafe-wallafen da aka fi ambata da haɗin kai, hanyar ƙungiyoyin wallafe-wallafe zuwa gungun bincike daban-daban inda wallafe-wallafe a cikin gungu akai-akai suna raba irin wannan ra'ayi (McCain, 1990; Small, 1973). Yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa kamanni ba yana nufin cewa binciken wallafe-wallafen ba ne
hadin kai da yarda da juna; wallafe-wallafen sun kasance gungu ɗaya saboda kamanceceniya da jigo, amma suna iya samun sabanin ra'ayi.
Tarin bayanai da bincike
Bayan tsarin da White and Griffith (1981) suka gabatar, mun yi cikakken bincike kan labaran mujallu don rufe duk yankin bincike na aikace-aikacen drone a cikin aikin gona, muna bin matakai biyar masu zuwa:
- Mataki na farko shine tattara bayanai. An zaɓi Scopus a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cikakkun bayanai kuma amintacce tare da daidaitattun sakamako. Meta-data na wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaƙa da duk aikace-aikacen drone a cikin aikin gona an dawo dasu. Sa'an nan kuma muka bincika zaɓaɓɓun labaran, cire abubuwan da ba su da tushe daga bincike.
- Mun bincika wallafe-wallafen kuma mun gano mahimman kalmomi masu mahimmanci da aka yi amfani da su a yankin bincike.
- Yin amfani da bincike na ƙididdiga, mun bincika alaƙa tsakanin marubuta da takardu don bayyana ƙirar ƙira. Mun kuma gano mawallafa da wallafe-wallafen da suka fi tasiri tare da gagarumar gudunmawa ga fannin noma marasa matuka.
- Mun gudanar da bincike na haɗin gwiwa don haɗa irin waɗannan wallafe-wallafe zuwa gungu.
- A ƙarshe, mun bincika alaƙa da alaƙa tsakanin ƙasashe, cibiyoyi, da mujallu don nuna hanyar sadarwar haɗin gwiwa.
Gane sharuddan nema masu dacewa
Mun yi amfani da waɗannan kirtani na bincike don tara bayanai: (drone* KO "motar da ba a sarrafa ba" KO uav* KO "tsarin jirgin sama mara matuki.” KO uas KO “jirgin da aka tuƙi daga nesa”) DA ( noma KO noma KO noma KO manomi). An gudanar da binciken ne a watan Satumbar 2021. Jiragen sama marasa matuki suna da nau'i-nau'i da yawa, ciki har da UAV, UAS, da kuma jirgin da aka tuƙi daga nesa (Sah et al., 2021). An gano takamaiman kalmomin bincike da suka shafi aikin gona bisa binciken Abdollahi et al. (2021). Don fayyace da fayyace, ainihin tambayar da muka yi amfani da ita ana bayar da ita a shafi na 1. Bayan tsarin tsaftace bayanai, mun ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin rubutu wanda daga baya aka loda shi cikin BibExcel, kayan aiki na gama gari don bincike da bincike tare. Wannan kayan aikin kuma yana ba da hulɗa mai sauƙi tare da wasu software kuma yana ba da babban matakin 'yanci a cikin sarrafa bayanai da bincike. An yi amfani da sigar VOSviewer 1.6.16 don ganin abubuwan da aka gano da kuma samar da hanyoyin sadarwar bibliometric (Eck & Waltman, 2009). VOSviewer yana ba da kewayon hangen nesa, musamman don nazarin taswirar bibliometric (Geng et al., 2020). Bugu da ƙari, yana taimakawa wajen samar da tabbataccen sakamako na gani wanda ke taimakawa mafi kyawun fahimtar sakamakon (Abdollahi et al., 2021). Yin amfani da igiyoyin bincike kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, mun tattara kuma mun adana duk littattafan da suka dace. Sakamakon binciken farko ya samar da jimillar takardu 5,085. Don tabbatar da ingancin samfurin da aka zaɓa, kawai an yi la'akari da labaran jarida da aka yi nazari a cikin binciken, wanda ya haifar da keɓance wasu nau'ikan takardun, kamar littattafai, surori, taron taro, da bayanin kula. A yayin aiwatar da aikin tantancewa, an fitar da abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci (watau, fiye da iyakar wannan aikin), da ƙari (watau kwafi waɗanda suka samo asali daga fihirisa biyu), da wallafe-wallafen da ba na Ingilishi ba. Wannan tsari ya haifar da haɗa takardu 4,700 a cikin bincike na ƙarshe.
Bincike da tattaunawa
Don farawa, mun bincika abubuwan da suka faru a cikin fitowar wallafe-wallafe a cikin wallafe-wallafen yanzu game da jirage marasa matuƙa na aikin gona. Ana nuna rarraba bincike na masana na ɗan lokaci a cikin siffa 1. Muna ganin karuwar wallafe-wallafen da sauri daga shekara ta 2011 (buga 30) gaba; don haka, mun yanke shawarar raba lokacin bincike zuwa matakai biyu daban-daban. Muna nufin lokacin tsakanin 1990 da 2010 a matsayin matakin ginawa, wanda ake buga kusan takardu bakwai a shekara. An kira lokacin bayan-2010 mataki na girma tun lokacin da bincike kan aikace-aikacen jiragen sama a cikin aikin noma ya shaida karuwa mai yawa a wannan lokacin. Bayan 2010, ƙara yawan wallafe-wallafen yana tabbatar da haɓakar sha'awa tsakanin masu bincike, wanda kuma ke nuna cewa an yi amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuƙa ga hangen nesa kuma an yi amfani da su a cikin aikin noma daidai (Deng et al., 2018; Maes & Steppe, 2019; Messina & Modica, 2020 ). Musamman, adadin wallafe-wallafen ya tashi daga 108 a cikin 2013 zuwa 498 a cikin 2018 kuma ya kai 1,275 a cikin 2020. An buga jimillar labarai 935 tsakanin Janairu da tsakiyar Satumba 2021. Daga baya, mun zaɓi mu fi mai da hankali kan bincikenmu kan matakin girma. tun da wannan lokacin yana nuna mafi kwanan nan kuma mahimman dabarun aikin noma drones.
Binciken keywords
Marubutan kalmomin da suka zaɓa don ɗaba'a suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yadda ake wakilta takardar da kuma yadda ake sadarwa tsakanin al'ummomin kimiyya. Suna gano mahimman batutuwan binciken kuma suna tantance yuwuwar sa don bunƙasa ko kasawa (Ray & Gastel, 1998.; Kim et al., 2016; Uddin et al., 2015). Binciken keywords, kayan aiki don bayyana fa'idar bincike da kwatance, yana nufin harhada kalmomin mabuɗin duk wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaƙa a cikin yanki (Dixit & Jakhar, 2021). A cikin binciken na yanzu, mun raba jigon kalmomin da aka tattara zuwa saiti biyu (watau, har zuwa 2010 da 2011–2021) don bincika batutuwan da suka fi shahara. Ta yin wannan, za mu iya gano mahimman kalmomi a cikin duka saitin kuma tabbatar da cewa mun kama duk mahimman bayanai. Ga kowane saiti, ana gabatar da manyan kalmomi guda goma a cikin Teburin 3. Mun kawar da rashin daidaituwa ta hanyar haɗa kalmomi masu kama da ma'ana, kamar "drone" da "drones" ko, kamar haka, "Internet of Things" da "IoT."
Tebur na 3 ya nuna cewa "motar jirgin sama mara matuki" ita ce kalmar da aka fi amfani da ita akai-akai idan aka kwatanta da "drone" da "tsarin jirage marasa matuka" a cikin lokutan biyun. Hakanan, "hankalin nesa," "madaidaicin noma," da "noma" suna da matsayi sosai a cikin lokutan biyun. A cikin lokacin farko, "madaidaicin noma" ya kasance a matsayi na biyar, kuma ya kasance na biyu a cikin lokaci na biyu, wanda ke nuna yadda jiragen sama marasa matuka ke ƙara zama mahimmanci wajen cimma daidaiton aikin noma kamar yadda za su iya sa ido.
ganowa, da ayyukan kimantawa cikin sauri, mai rahusa, da sauƙin aiwatarwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsarin nesa-nesa da tushen ƙasa. Hakanan, suna iya fesa madaidaicin adadin shigarwa (misali, ruwa ko magungunan kashe qwari) lokacin da ake buƙata (Guo et al., 2020; Inoue, 2020; Panday, Pratihast, et al., 2020).
Jerin kalmomin da aka fi yawan amfani da su.
Rank | 1990-2010 | A'a faruwa | 2011-2021 | A'a faruwa |
1 | iska mara matuki abin hawa | 28 | mara matuki abin hawa na iska | 1628 |
2 | nesa mai nisa | 7 | daidai noma | 489 |
3 | noma | 4 | nesa mai nisa | 399 |
4 | Airborne | 4 | drone | 374 |
5 | daidai noma | 4 | mara matuki tsarin iska | 271 |
6 | iska mara matuki | 4 | noma | 177 |
7 | hyperspectral Na'urar haska bayanai | 3 | zurfin ilmantarwa | 151 |
8 | wucin gadi jijiya hanyoyin sadarwa | 2 | inji ilmantarwa | 149 |
9 | jirgi mai cin gashin kansa | 2 | tsirin index | 142 |
10 | kofi | 2 | Intanet na abubuwa | 124 |
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa shine kasancewar ƙarin fasaha. A mataki na farko, "Hyperspectral Sensor" da "cibiyoyin sadarwa na wucin gadi" (ANN) suna cikin manyan kalmomi goma. Hoto mai ban mamaki ya kawo juyin halitta na al'ada ta hanyar tattara adadi mai yawa na hotuna a tsayi daban-daban. A yin haka, na'urori masu auna firikwensin na iya tattara mafi kyawun sararin samaniya da bayanan bakan idan aka kwatanta da hoto mai yawa, spectroscopy, da hoto na RGB (Adao ˜ et al.,
2017). Abin da ya faru na "ANN" a mataki na farko da "ilimin zurfin ilmantarwa" (DL) da "koyon inji" (ML) a cikin na biyu yana nuna cewa yawancin ayyukan da aka buga sun mayar da hankali kan nazarin yuwuwar fasahar AI don drone- tushen noma. Duk da cewa jirage marasa matuka na iya tashi da kansu, amma har yanzu suna bukatar sa hannun matukin jirgin, wanda ke nuna karancin bayanan na'urar. Duk da haka, ana iya magance wannan matsala saboda ci gaban fasahar AI, wanda zai iya samar da ingantacciyar fahimtar yanayi da goyon bayan yanke shawara mai cin gashin kansa. An sanye shi da AI, jirage marasa matuƙa na iya guje wa haɗuwa yayin kewayawa, haɓaka ƙasa da sarrafa amfanin gona (Inoue, 2020), da rage aiki da damuwa ga ɗan adam (BK Sharma et al., 2019).
Saboda sassaucin ra'ayi da ikon yin amfani da adadi mai yawa na bayanan da ba daidai ba, fasahar AI sune hanyoyin da suka dace don nazarin bayanan da aka watsa ta hanyar jiragen sama da sauran tsarin nesa da ƙasa don tsinkaya da yanke shawara (Ali et al., 2015; Inuwa, 2020). Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar "IoT" a cikin lokaci na biyu yana nuna rawar da ya fito a cikin aikin noma. IoT yana jujjuya aikin noma ta hanyar haɗa wasu fasahohi, gami da drones, ML, DL, WSNs, da manyan bayanai. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fa'idodin aiwatar da IoT shine ikonsa na ingantaccen aiki da haɓaka ayyuka daban-daban (sayan bayanai, nazarin bayanai da sarrafawa, yanke shawara, da aiwatarwa) a cikin ainihin lokacin (Elijah et al., 2018; Feng et al. , 2019; Muangprathub et al., 2019). Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗaukar drones kayan aiki masu inganci don ɗaukar bayanan da ake buƙata don ƙididdige ƙarfin ciyayi da kaddarorin ciyayi (Candiago et al., 2015). Hoto 2a da 2b suna misalta mahimmin hanyoyin sadarwar haɗin kai na lokaci biyu.
Marubuta masu tasiri
A cikin wannan sashe, muna ƙayyade mawallafa masu tasiri kuma mu bincika yadda cibiyoyin sadarwar marubuta za su iya hangowa da tsara wallafe-wallafen yanzu. Hoto na 3 yana nuna jujjuyawar lokaci na duk masu bincike tare da mafi girman adadin ambato. Ma'aunin launi yana nuna bambance-bambancen hikimomi na shekara na masu rubutawa. Muna nazarin tsarin ƙididdiga na masu binciken da suka buga nazarin kan jiragen sama marasa matuƙa ta hanyar amfani da bakin kofa na aƙalla na 50 da wallafe-wallafe goma. Daga
Mawallafa 12,891, 115 ne kawai suka cika wannan yanayin. Tebu na 4 ya lissafa manyan marubuta goma masu tasiri, waɗanda aka jera su da matsakaicin adadin ambato. Lopez- Granados F. ya jagoranci jerin tare da ambato 1,963, sannan Zarco-Tejada PJ tare da ambato 1,909.
Jerin mafi yawan marubutan da aka ambata.
ranking | Mawallafi | sammaci |
1 | Lopez-Granados 'F. | 1,963 |
2 | Zarco-Tejada PJ | 1,909 |
3 | Farashin JM | 1,644 |
4 | Torres-S' anche J. | 1,576 |
5 | Farashi E | 1,339 |
6 | Remondino F | 1,235 |
7 | Bolten A | 1,160 |
8 | Barta G | 1,155 |
9 | Berni JA | 1,132 |
10 | de Castro AI | 1,036 |
Idan ya zo ga ɗaiɗaikun wallafe-wallafe, labarin Zhang and Kovacs (2012) ya kasance mafi yawan binciken da aka buga a Aikin Noma. A nan, marubutan sun sake nazarin aikace-aikacen UAS a cikin aikin noma daidai. Sakamakon binciken nasu ya nuna cewa akwai buƙatar haɓaka ƙirar dandamali, samarwa, daidaita yanayin hoto, da aikin dawo da bayanai don samarwa manoma da samfuran ƙarshe abin dogaro. Bugu da ƙari, suna ba da shawarar ƙara himma ga manomi, musamman a cikin tsara filin, ɗaukar hoto, da fassarar bayanai da bincike. Mahimmanci, wannan binciken yana cikin na farko da ya nuna mahimmancin UAV a cikin taswirar filin, taswirar ƙarfi, auna abubuwan sinadarai, kulawa da damuwa na ciyayi, da kuma kimanta tasirin takin mai magani akan ci gaban shuka. Kalubalen da ke da alaƙa da fasahar kuma sun haɗa da tsadar hani, ƙarfin firikwensin, kwanciyar hankali da aminci, rashin daidaituwa, da daidaitaccen tsari don nazarin ɗimbin bayanai.
Binciken ambato
Binciken ƙididdiga yana wakiltar nazarin tasirin labaran, duk da cewa yana da sauƙi ga gudana (misali, ƙididdiga, ƙididdiga na kai) ana ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin daidaitattun kayan aiki don kimanta tasiri (Osareh, 1996; A. Rejeb et al., 2022; Sarli et al., 2010). Ƙididdigar kuma suna nuna mahimmanci da mahimmancin gudunmawar takardun ga wallafe-wallafen akan wani takamaiman batu (R. Sharma et al., 2022). Mun gudanar da bincike na ƙididdiga don tantance mafi tasiri binciken akan jirage marasa matuƙa na aikin gona da taƙaita abubuwan da ke ciki. Tebu na 5 yana gabatar da jerin takardu goma sha biyar mafi tasiri na lokutan 1990-2010 da 2011-2021. Labarun na Berni et al. (2009)b da Austin (2010) sune aka fi ambata a lokacin 1990 da 2010, tare da ambato 831 da 498, bi da bi. Berni et al. (2009)b ya kwatanta yuwuwar haɓaka samfuran ƙididdige ƙididdigewa ta hanyar jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu UAV mai araha tare da firikwensin hoto mai araha da kunkuntar. Idan aka kwatanta da na'urori masu auna iska na gargajiya, tsarin UAV mai rahusa don aikin noma yana iya cimma kwatankwacin kididdigar ma'aunin halittu na amfanin gona, idan ba mafi kyau ba. Matsakaicin farashi mai araha da sassaucin aiki, tare da babban na'urar gani, sarari, da ƙuduri na ɗan lokaci da ake samu a cikin saurin juyawa, sanya UAVs masu dacewa da kewayon aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar kulawa mai mahimmancin lokaci, gami da tsarin ban ruwa, da ingantaccen aikin noma. Takarda daga Berni et al. (2009) b an ambata shi sosai saboda ya haɗa da ingantaccen dandamalin jujjuya-fuka mara matuki da na'urori masu auna sigina da na'urori masu zafi tare da mahimman hanyoyin daidaitawa don aikace-aikacen aikin gona. Buga na biyu da aka ambata shi ne littafi wanda Austin (2010) ya rubuta, wanda ya tattauna UAVs daga ƙira, haɓakawa, da ra'ayoyin turawa. A cikin aikin noma, UAVs suna tallafawa saka idanu akan amfanin gona ta hanyar gano cututtuka da wuri ta hanyar sauye-sauyen launin amfanin gona, sauƙaƙe shuka amfanin gona da feshi, da sa ido da tuki garke.
Nazarin Sullivan et al. (2007), Lumme et al. (2008), da Gokto ¨ ǧan et al. (2010) gama jerin manyan labarai goma sha biyar da aka fi ambata. Waɗannan labaran suna nuna haɓakar tsarin tushen UAV don tallafawa aikin gona. Suna ba da mafita ga matsaloli daban-daban, kamar sa ido da duba amfanin gona, sa ido da sarrafa sako, da goyan bayan yanke shawara. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawara da tattauna ikon UAV na haɓaka ingantaccen samfuri da kuma taimaka wa manoma wajen ƙirƙira daidai da inganci.
dabarun shuka. Berni ne ya rubuta takardu guda biyu (Berni et al., 2009b; Berni et al., 2009a), yana nuna gagarumin tasirinsa akan binciken da ya shafi aikin noma. Takarda daga Zarco-Tejada et al. (2014) ya kasance cikin nazarin majagaba don kwatanta buƙatun yin amfani da hoton UAV mai rahusa a ƙididdige tsayin bishiyar.
Jerin mafi yawan wallafe-wallafen da aka ambata.
Rank | Daga 1990 zuwa 2010 | Daga 2011 zuwa 2021 | ||
Takardun | lissafi | Takardun | lissafi | |
1 | (Berni et al., 2009b) | 831 | (C. Zhang & Kovacs, 2012) | 967 |
2 | (Austin, 2010) | 498 | (Nex & Remondino, 2014) | 893 |
3 | (Hunt et al., 2010) | 331 | (Floreano & Itace, 2015) | 552 |
4 | (SR Herwitz et al., 2004) | 285 | (Hussein Motlagh et al., 2016) | 391 |
5 | (CCD Lelong et al., 2008) | 272 | (Shakhatreh et al., 2019) | 383 |
6 | (Berni et al., 2009b) | 250 | (Mai et al., 2017) | 373 |
7 | (Grenzdorffer ¨ et al., 2008) | 198 | (Bendig et al., 2014) | 360 |
8 | (Hrabar et al., 2005) | 175 | (Zarco-Tejada et al., 2014) | 347 |
9 | (Y. Huang et al., 2009) | 129 | (Ad˜ ao et al., 2017) | 335 |
10 | (Schmale III et al., 2008) | 119 | (Honkavaara et al., 2013a) | 331 |
11 | (Abd-Elrahman et al., 2005) | 79 | (Kandiago et al., 2015) | 327 |
12 | (Techy et al., 2010) | 69 | (Xiang & Tian, 2011) | 307 |
13 | (Sullivan et al., 2007) | 51 | (Matese et al., 2015) | 303 |
14 | (Lumme et al., 2008) | 42 | (Gago et al., 2015) | 275 |
15 | (Gokto ¨ ǧan et al., 2010) | 40 | (Aasen et al., 2015a) | 269 |
A cikin lokaci na biyu (2011-2021), binciken da Zhang and Kovacs (2012) da Nex and Remondino (2014) suka yi ya haifar da mafi yawan wallafe-wallafen da aka ambata. Zhang da Kovacs (2012) sun yi iƙirarin cewa, aikin noma na gaskiya zai iya amfana daga aiwatar da fasahohin ƙasa da na'urori masu auna firikwensin, kamar tsarin bayanai na yanki, GPS, da fahimtar nesa, don kama bambance-bambance a fannin da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar amfani da wasu dabaru. A matsayin mai canza wasa a cikin ingantaccen aikin noma, ɗaukar jirage marasa matuƙa ya ba da sanarwar sabon zamani a cikin hangen nesa mai nisa, sauƙaƙe kallon iska, ɗaukar bayanan girmar amfanin gona, yanayin ƙasa, da wuraren feshi. Bita na Zhang and Kovacs (2012) ya zama na farko tun lokacin da yake ba da haske game da UAVs ta hanyar bayyana amfani da kalubale na waɗannan na'urori a cikin sa ido kan muhalli da ingantaccen aikin noma, kamar gazawar dandamali da kamara, ƙalubalen sarrafa bayanai, haɗin gwiwar manoma, da ka'idojin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama. . Na biyu
yawancin binciken da aka ambata daga Nex da Remondino (2014) sun sake nazarin yanayin fasahar UAVs don ɗauka, sarrafawa, da kuma nazarin hotunan duniya.
Ayyukan su kuma sun gabatar da bayyani na dandamali na UAV da yawa, aikace-aikace, da kuma amfani da lokuta, suna nuna sabbin ci gaba a sarrafa hoto na UAV. A cikin aikin noma, manoma za su iya amfani da UAVs don yin ingantattun shawarwari don cimma farashi da tanadin lokaci, samun saurin da madaidaicin rikodin lalacewa, da tsammanin matsaloli masu yiwuwa. Ya bambanta da dandamali na iska na al'ada, UAVs na iya rage yawan kuɗaɗen aiki tare da rage haɗarin shiga cikin wurare masu tsauri yayin da har yanzu suna kiyaye madaidaicin yuwuwar. Takardar su ta taƙaita fa'idodi daban-daban na UAVs, musamman dangane da daidaito da ƙuduri.
Daga cikin sauran wallafe-wallafen goma sha uku da aka ambata a tsakanin 2011 da 2021, mun lura da babban taro kan binciken da aka haɗa da aikace-aikacen drone a cikin ayyukan hoto (Bendig et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2017; Zarco-Tejada et al., 2014) , Madaidaicin aikin noma (Candiago et al., 2015; Honkavaara et al., 2013a), madaidaicin viticulture (Matese et al., 2015), ƙididdigar damuwa na ruwa (Gago et al., 2015), da kuma kula da ciyayi (Aasen et al. , 2015 a). A cikin shekarun farko, masu bincike sun mayar da hankali
ƙari akan haɓaka ƙananan farashi, nauyi, da daidaitattun tsarin tushen UAV don aikin noma; ƙarin bincike na baya-bayan nan ya fi mayar da hankali kan sake dubawa na aikace-aikacen UAV don aikin gona da binciken filin. A taƙaice, wannan bincike ya nuna cewa wallafe-wallafen masu tasiri galibi sun ba da bita na binciken da suka gabata don kimanta matsayin UAVs na yanzu na kimiyya da fasaha da haɓaka tsarin UAV don tallafawa ingantaccen aikin noma. Abin sha'awa, ba mu sami nazarin da ke aiki da ƙwazo ba
hanyoyi ko nazarin shari'o'in da aka kwatanta, wanda ya ƙunshi babban gibi na ilimi kuma yana kira ga ƙarin bincike akan wannan batu.
Binciken haɗin gwiwa
A cewar Gmür (2006), bincike na haɗin gwiwa yana gano ire-iren wallafe-wallafen kuma ya tattara su. Bincika a tsanake na gungu zai iya bayyana filin bincike na gama gari tsakanin wallafe-wallafe. Muna bincika haɗin gwiwar wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi jirage marasa matuki na aikin gona don kwatanta wuraren batutuwa masu alaƙa da gano tsarin wallafe-wallafe. Dangane da wannan, Small (1973) ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da bincike na cocitation don nazarin mafi tasiri da bincike na hauka.
cikin horo. Don iyakance saitin zuwa mafi yawan labarai na hauhawa (Goyal & Kumar, 2021), mun saita kofa ta haɗin kai na 25, ma'ana cewa dole ne an buga labarai biyu tare a cikin jerin abubuwan 25 ko fiye daban-daban. An kuma gudanar da tari tare da ƙaramin gungu 1 kuma ba tare da wata hanya don haɗa ƙananan gungu tare da manyan ba. Sakamakon haka, an samar da gungu guda shida bisa kamancen karatun da tsarinsu na tunani. Tebu na 6 yana nuna rarraba wallafe-wallafe a cikin kowane gungu.
Tari na 1: Wannan gungu ya ƙunshi takardu goma sha takwas da aka buga bayan wallafe-wallafen a cikin wannan rukunin sun tattauna rawar da jirage marasa matuki wajen tallafawa kula da muhalli, sarrafa amfanin gona, da sarrafa ciyawa. Alal misali, Manfreda et al. (2018) ba da bayyani game da bincike na yanzu da aiwatar da UAV a cikin sa ido kan yanayin yanayin noma da jayayya cewa fasahar tana ba da babbar dama don haɓaka kulawa da muhalli da ragewa.
ratar da ke akwai tsakanin kallon filin da na yau da kullun na iska da sararin samaniya. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar ba da sabon ƙarfi don ingantacciyar maidowa na ɗan lokaci da fahimtar sararin samaniya cikin manyan wurare a cikin hanya mai araha. UAVs na iya fahimtar yanayin koyaushe kuma su aika da bayanan da aka samu zuwa ga masu hankali, ƙungiyoyin tsakiya / ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke sarrafa na'urori masu auna firikwensin don gano matsalolin ƙarshe, kamar rashin cuta ko gano ruwa (Padua ' et al., 2017). Adao ˜ et al. (2017) nuna cewa UAVs sun dace don tantance yanayin tsire-tsire ta hanyar ɗaukar ɗimbin ɗimbin albarkatun albarkatun da ke da alaƙa da matsayin ruwa, ƙididdigar halittu, da ƙimar kuzari. Hakanan za'a iya tura na'urori masu auna firikwensin UAV da sauri cikin ingantattun yanayin muhalli don ba da damar kama bayanan ji na nesa (Von Bueren et al., 2015). Ta hanyar UAVs, manoma suna iya aiwatar da ayyukan noma na cikin gida ta hanyar samun ma'auni daga kusan kowane wuri a cikin sarari mai girma uku na wuraren noman cikin gida (misali, greenhouses), don haka tabbatar da kula da yanayi na gida da sa ido kan shuka (Roldan et al). ., 2015). A cikin mahallin madaidaicin
aikin noma, yanke shawarar sarrafa amfanin gona yana buƙatar ingantaccen, amintaccen bayanan amfanin gona tare da ƙudirin da ya dace na ɗan lokaci da na sarari (Gebbers & Adamchuk, 2010; Gevaert et al., 2015; Maes & Steppe, 2019). A saboda wannan dalili, Agüera Vega et al. (2015) ya yi amfani da tsarin firikwensin firikwensin UAV-saka don samun hotunan amfanin gonar sunflower a lokacin girma. Hakanan, Huang et al. (2009) lura cewa hangen nesa mai nisa dangane da UAVs zai iya sauƙaƙe auna amfanin gona da ƙasa daga bayanan da aka tattara. Verger et al. (2014) ɓullo da gwada dabara don kimanta koren yanki index (GAI) daga UAV nuna ma'auni a daidai aikin noma, mayar da hankali a kan alkama da rapeseed amfanin gona. Saboda haka, jirage marasa matuki suna ba da sabbin dama don maido da bayanan jihar amfanin gona tare da sake dubawa akai-akai da ƙudurin sararin samaniya (Dong et al., 2019; Garzonio et al., 2017; H. Zheng et al., 2016).
Tarin wallafe-wallafen masu tasiri akan jirage marasa matuki na noma.
Cluster | Babban jigo | References |
1 | Kula da muhalli, amfanin gona gudanarwa, sarrafa ciyawa | (Ad˜ ao et al., 2017; Gwara Vega et al., 2015; de Castro et al., 2018; Gomez-Cand 'on et al., 2014; YB Huang et al., 2013; Khanal et al., 2017; Lopez-Granados, '2011; Manfreda et al., 2018; P' adua et al., 2017; Pena ˜ et al., 2013; Perez-Ortiz et al., 2015; Rasmussen et al., 2013, 2016; Torres-S' anchez et al., 2014; Torres-Sanchez, 'Lopez-Granados,' & Pena, ˜ 2015; Verger et al., 2014; Von Bueren et al., 2015; C. Zhang & Kovacs, 2012) |
2 | Nesa phenotyping, yawan amfanin ƙasa kimanta, amfanin gona surface model, kirga tsire-tsire | (Bendig et al., 2013, 2014; Geipel et al., 2014; Gnadinger ¨ & Schmidhalter, 2017; Haghighattalab et al., 2016; Holman et al., 2016; Jin et al., 2017; W. Li et al., 2016; Maimaitijiang et al., 2017; Sankaran et al., 2015; Schirmann et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2016; Yue et al., 2017; X. Zhou et al., 2017) |
3 | Thermal hoto don ruwa, multispectral hoto | (Baluja et al., 2012; Berni et al., 2009b; Berni et al., 2009a; Candiago et al., 2015; Gago et al., 2015; Gonzalez-Dugo et al., 2013, 2014; Grenzdorffer ¨ et al., 2008; Khaliq et al., 2019; Matese et al., 2015; Ribeiro-Gomes et al., 2017; Santesteban et al., 2017; Uto et al., 2013) |
4 | Hoto na hypersectral, spectral hoto | (Aasen et al., 2015a; Bareth et al., 2015; Hakala et al., 2013; Honkavaara et al., 2013a; Lucieer et al., 2014; Saari et al., 2011; Suomalainen et al., 2014) |
5 | Aikace-aikacen Taswirar 3D | (Jimenez-Brenes et al., 2017; Nex & Remondino, 2014; Salami et al., 2014; Torres-S' Anchez, Lopez- ' Granados, Serrano, et al., 2015; Zahawi et al., 2015; Zarco-Tejada et al., 2014) |
6 | Kula da aikin gona | (SR Herwitz et al., 2004; Hunt et al., 2010; CCD Lelong et al., 2008; Primicerio et al., 2012; Xiang & Tian, 2011) |
Bugu da ƙari, jirage marasa matuka suna da amfani don ƙalubale ayyuka a aikin noma, gami da taswirar ciyawa. Hotunan da na'urorin suka ɗauka sun tabbatar da amfaninsu don gano ciyayi da wuri a cikin filayen (de Castro et al., 2018; Jim'enez-Brenes et al., 2017; Lam et al., 2021; Lopez-Granados ' et al., 2016; Rozenberg et al., 2021). A wannan batun, de Castro et al. (2018) jadadda cewa haɗewar hotunan UAV da Binciken Hoto na Abu-Based (OBIA) ya baiwa masu aiki damar shawo kan batun sarrafa sarrafa wuri da wuri a cikin albarkatun gonakin ciyawa na farkon lokacin, wanda babban ci gaba ne a cikin binciken ciyawa. Hakanan, Pena ˜ et al. (2013) nuna cewa yin amfani da ultra-high-high spatial images daga UAV tare da haɗin gwiwar tsarin OBIA yana ba da damar samar da taswirar ciyawa a farkon amfanin gona na masara da za a iya amfani da su wajen tsara aiwatar da matakan magance ciyawa a cikin lokaci, wani aiki da ya wuce ikon tauraron dan adam da hotuna na al'ada na iska. Idan aka kwatanta da rabe-raben hoto ko algorithms gano abu, dabarun rarrabuwar kawuna sun fi tasiri a ayyukan taswirar ciyawa (J. Deng et al., 2020), don haka baiwa manoma damar gano yanayin filin, rage asara, da haɓaka amfanin gona a duk lokacin girma (Ramesh). et al., 2020). Zurfafa rarrabuwar kawuna na ilmantarwa na iya samar da ingantaccen ma'auni na murfin ciyayi daga manyan hotuna na iska (Ramesh et al., 2020; A. Zheng et al., 2022). Duk da damar su na nesa
fahimtar rarrabuwar pixel, dabarun rarrabuwar kawuna suna buƙatar ƙididdige ƙididdigewa da babban ƙwaƙwalwar GPU mai hanawa (J. Deng et al., 2020).
Dangane da koyan na'ura da UAV, Perez-Ortiz et al. (2015) ya ba da shawarar tsarin taswirar ciyawa don samar da takamaiman dabarun magance ciyawa lokacin da manoma suka ɗauki matakin kawar da ciyawa da wuri. A ƙarshe, Rasmussen et al. (2013) ya ba da haske cewa jirage marasa matuki suna ba da fahimta mara tsada tare da sassaucin ƙudurin sararin samaniya. Gabaɗaya, wallafe-wallafen da ke cikin wannan gungu suna mai da hankali kan bincika yuwuwar UAVs don tallafawa hangen nesa, sa ido kan amfanin gona, da taswirar ciyawa. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike mai zurfi don ci gaba da bincika yadda aikace-aikacen drone a cikin sa ido kan muhalli, sarrafa amfanin gona, da taswirar ciyawa na iya samun ƙarin ci gaba mai dorewa (Chamuah & Singh, 2019; Islam et al., 2021; Popescu et al., 2020; J Su, Liu, et al., 2018) da kuma magance matsalolin gudanarwa na wannan fasaha a cikin aikace-aikacen inshorar amfanin gona (Basnet & Bang, 2018; Chamuah & Singh, 2019, 2022; Meinen & Robinson, 2021). Masu bincike yakamata su mai da hankali kan inganta ma'aunin UAV da aka tattara tare da ingantattun dabarun sarrafawa don haɓaka ingantaccen ingancin bayanan da aka sarrafa (Manfreda et al., 2018). Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka algorithms masu dacewa waɗanda ke gane pixels waɗanda ke nuna ciyawa a cikin hotunan dijital kuma suna kawar da bayanan da ba su da mahimmanci yayin taswirar ciyawa na UAV ana buƙatar (Gaˇsparovi'c et al., 2020; Hamylton et al., 2020; H. Huang et al. , 2018, 2020; Lopez-' Granados et al., 2016). Ana maraba da ƙarin bincike game da ɗaukar dabarun rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin tantance tsirrai, rarrabuwar ganye, da taswirar cuta (Fuentes-Pacheco et al., 2019; Kerkech et al., 2020).
Tari 2. Littattafan da ke cikin wannan gungu sun mayar da hankali kan fannoni da dama na jirage marasa matuki na noma. Mai alaƙa da phenotyping mai nisa, Sankaran et al. (2015) yayi nazari akan yuwuwar yin amfani da ƙananan tsayi, hoto mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tare da UAVs don saurin phenotyping na amfanin gona a cikin filin, kuma suna jayayya cewa, idan aka kwatanta da dandamali na ji na tushen ƙasa, ƙananan UAVs tare da isassun na'urori masu auna firikwensin suna ba da fa'idodi da yawa. , kamar sauƙin samun damar shiga filin, cikakkun bayanai, ingantaccen tattara bayanai,
saurin kimanta yanayin ci gaban filin, da ƙarancin farashin aiki. Duk da haka, marubutan kuma sun lura cewa ingantaccen aikace-aikacen UAV don phenotyping filin yana dogara ne akan abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu, wato, fasalin UAV (misali, aminci, kwanciyar hankali, matsayi, cin gashin kai) da halayen firikwensin (misali, ƙuduri, nauyi, tsayin raƙuman gani, filin. na gani). Haghighattalab et al. (2016) ya ba da shawarar bututun sarrafa hoto mai sarrafa kansa don dawo da bayanan matakin-makirci daga hotunan UAV da haɓaka tsarin kiwo. Holman et al. (2016) ya ci gaba da girma
tsarin phenotyping filin kayan aiki da kuma nuna cewa UAV yana iya tattara inganci, masu girma, bayanan phenotypic na tushen filin, da kuma cewa na'urar tana da tasiri ga manyan wurare da kuma fadin wurare daban-daban.
Kamar yadda ƙididdige yawan amfanin ƙasa muhimmin yanki ne mai mahimmanci na bayanai, musamman idan ana samun su akan lokaci, akwai yuwuwar UAVs don samar da duk ma'aunin filin da samun ingantaccen bayanai mai inganci (Daakir et al., 2017; Demir et al., 2018 ; Enciso et al., 2019; Kulbacki et al., 2018; Pudelko et al., 2012). A wannan batun, Jin et al. (2017) ya yi amfani da babban ƙudurin hotuna da UAVs suka samu a ƙananan wurare don haɓakawa da tantance hanyar ƙididdige yawan ƙwayar alkama a matakin fitowar. A cewar mawallafa, UAVs sun shawo kan iyakokin tsarin rover sanye take da kyamarori kuma suna wakiltar hanyar da ba ta da ƙarfi don ƙididdige yawan shuka a cikin amfanin gona, ba da damar manoma su cimma babban abin da ake buƙata don ƙirar filin mai zaman kansa ba tare da zirga-zirgar ƙasa ba. Li et al. (2016) ya tattara ɗaruruwan hotuna na sitiriyo tare da babban ƙuduri ta amfani da tsarin tushen UAV don ƙididdige sigogin masara, gami da tsayin alfarwa da biomass na sama-kasa. A ƙarshe, Yue et al. (2017) ya gano cewa tsayin amfanin gona da aka ƙayyade daga UAVs na iya haɓaka ƙima na biomass na sama (AGB).
Hanyar lura da haɓakar amfanin gona shine ra'ayin haɓaka samfuran saman amfanin gona (Bendig et al., 2014, 2015; Holman et al., 2016; Panday, Shrestha, et al., 2020; Sumesh et al., 2021). Yawancin bincike sun ba da haske game da yuwuwar hotunan da aka ɗauka daga UAV don ɗaukar tsayin tsire-tsire da lura da haɓakarsu. Alal misali, Bendig et al. (2013) ya bayyana ci gaban nau'ikan filayen amfanin gona na lokaci-lokaci tare da babban ƙuduri na ƙasa da 0.05 m ta amfani da UAV. Sun yi nufin gano amfanin gona
bambancin girma da kuma dogaro da maganin amfanin gona, cultivar, da damuwa. Bendig et al. (2014) sun yi amfani da UAVs don kimanta sabo da busassun biomass dangane da tsayin shuka da aka samo daga samfuran saman amfanin gona kuma an gano cewa, ba kamar dandamali na iska da na'urar leza ta ƙasa ba, babban ƙudurin hotuna daga UAVs na iya haɓaka daidaiton ƙirar tsayin shuka don haɓaka daban-daban. matakai. Hakanan, Geipel et al. (2014) sunyi amfani da UAVs a cikin binciken su don samun hotuna
kididdigar bayanai don amfanin hatsin masara a matakai uku daban-daban na girma daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar kakar kuma sun kammala cewa haɗe-haɗe da ƙirar sararin samaniya dangane da hotunan iska da samfuran saman amfanin gona hanya ce da ta dace don hasashen amfanin masara na tsakiyar kakar. A ƙarshe, Gnadinger ¨ da Schmidhalter (2017) sun bincika amfanin UAV a cikin madaidaicin phenotyping kuma sun ba da haske cewa amfani da wannan fasaha na iya haɓaka sarrafa aikin gona da ba da damar gwajin filin don kiwo da dalilai agronomic. Gabaɗaya, mun lura cewa wallafe-wallafen da ke cikin gungu 2 suna mai da hankali kan manyan fa'idodin UAVs a cikin nesa.
phenotyping, yawan amfanin ƙasa kiyasin, amfanin gona surface tallan kayan kawa, da shuka kirgawa. Nazari na gaba na iya zurfafa zurfafa ta hanyar haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin don ƙirar ƙira mai nisa waɗanda za su iya sarrafa kai tsaye da haɓaka sarrafa bayanan da ake ji daga nesa (Barabaschi et al., 2016; Liebisch et al., 2015; Mochida et al., 2015; S. Zhou et al. ., 2021). Bugu da ƙari, aikin na'urori masu auna firikwensin IoT da aka ɗora akan UAVs da ciniki tsakanin farashin su, aiki, da madaidaicin ƙimar yawan amfanin ƙasa yana buƙatar yin bincike a cikin
nan gaba (Ju & Son, 2018a, 2018b; Xie & Yang, 2020; Yue et al., 2018). A ƙarshe, akwai buƙatar haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyin sarrafa hoto waɗanda za su iya samar da ingantaccen bayanai, haɓaka haɓakar aikin noma, da rage ayyukan ƙidayar hannun manoma (RU Khan et al., 2021; Koh et al., 2021; Lin & Guo, 2020; C. Zhang et al., 2020).
Tari 3. Littattafan da ke cikin wannan gungu sun tattauna nau'ikan tsarin hoto daban-daban don fahimtar nisa na albarkatun noma da ake amfani da su akan dandamali na UAV. Dangane da wannan, hoton thermal yana ba da damar saka idanu akan yanayin zafi don hana lalacewar amfanin gona da gano matsalolin fari da wuri (Awais et al., 2022; García-Tejero et al., 2018; Sankaran et al., 2015; Santesteban et al., 2017; Yau, 2021). Baluja et al. (2012) ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da kyamarori masu yawa da masu zafi a kan jirgin
UAV ya baiwa masu bincike damar samun hotuna masu tsayi da tantance matsayin ruwan itacen inabi. Wannan na iya zama da amfani don haɓaka sabon tsarin tsarin ruwa ta amfani da bayanan ji na nesa (Baluja et al., 2012). Saboda
iyakantaccen nauyi na UAVs, Ribeiro-Gomes et al. (2017) yayi la'akari da haɗuwa da kyamarori masu zafi marasa sanyi a cikin UAVS don ƙayyade damuwa na ruwa a cikin tsire-tsire, wanda ya sa irin wannan nau'in UAV ya fi dacewa kuma ya fi dacewa fiye da tauraron dan adam na yau da kullum da kuma UAVs sanye take da kyamarori masu sanyaya. A cewar marubutan, kyamarori masu zafi da ba a sanyaya su ba sun fi kyamarorin da aka sanyaya wuta, suna buƙatar daidaitawa da ya dace. Gonzalez-Dugo et al. (2014) ya nuna cewa hotunan zafi yana haifar da taswirar sararin samaniya na alamun damuwa na ruwa don tantance matsayin ruwa da ƙididdige damuwa na ruwa a tsakanin kuma a cikin gonakin citrus. Gonzalez-Dugo et al. (2013) da Santesteban et al. (2017) ya bincika yin amfani da babban ƙuduri na UAV hotuna masu zafi don ƙididdige canjin yanayin ruwa na gonar lambun kasuwanci da gonar inabinsa.
Hoto da yawa na iya samar da bayanai masu yawa idan aka kwatanta da hotuna RGB na gargajiya (Red, Green, da Blue) (Ad˜ ao et al., 2017; Navia et al., 2016). Wannan bayanan bakan, tare da bayanan sararin samaniya, na iya taimakawa a cikin rarrabuwa, taswira, tsinkaya, tsinkaya, da dalilai na ganowa (Berni et al., 2009b). A cewar Candiago et al. (2015), UAV tushen hoto da yawa na iya ba da gudummawa ga ƙima ga amfanin gona da ingantaccen aikin noma a matsayin abin dogaro da ingantaccen albarkatu. Hakanan,
Khaliq et al. (2019) yayi kwatancen tsakanin tauraron dan adam da UAV based multispectral imaging. Hotunan tushen UAV sun haifar da kasancewa daidai a cikin kwatanta bambancin gonar inabin da kuma taswirorin ƙarfi don wakiltar alfarwar amfanin gona. A taƙaice, labarai a cikin wannan tari suna tattauna haɗar zafin jiki da na'urori masu auna hoto da yawa cikin UAVs na noma. Sabili da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar yadda za a iya haɗa hoto na thermal da multispectral tare da AI
dabaru (misali, zurfin koyo) don gano damuwar shuka (Ampatzidis et al., 2020; Ampatzidis & Partel, 2019; Jung et al., 2021; Santesteban et al., 2017; Syeda et al., 2021). Irin waɗannan abubuwan za su taimaka wajen tabbatar da ingantaccen ganewa da ingantaccen ganowa da kuma lura da haɓakar shuka, damuwa, da phenology (Buters et al., 2019; Cao et al., 2020; Neupane & BaysalGurel, 2021; L. Zhou et al., 2020).
Tari 4. Wannan gungu ya ƙunshi takardu guda bakwai waɗanda ke tattare da muhimmiyar rawar da ke tattare da hoto da hoto mai ƙarfi a cikin tallafawa ayyukan noma. Hoto na hyperspectral ya kafa kansa a matsayin hanya mai nisa mai nisa wanda ke ba da damar ƙididdige ƙima na tsarin duniya (Schaepman et al., 2009) . Don zama mafi mahimmanci, yana ba da damar gano abubuwan da ke sama, ƙididdige ƙididdiga na (dangi), da kuma da aiki na surface bangaren rabbai
tsakanin gauraye pixels (Kirsch et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2022). A wasu kalmomi, mafi girman ƙudurin da aka bayar ta tsarin hyperspectral yana ba da damar ƙarin ingantattun ƙididdiga na sigogi daban-daban, kamar kayan cin ganyayyaki ko abun ciki na ruwan ganye (Suomalainen et al., 2014). Masu bincike a cikin wannan gungu sun bincika fannoni daban-daban na irin waɗannan tsarin. Daga cikin wasu, Aasen et al. (2015b) ya ba da wata hanya ta musamman don samun bayanai mai girma uku daga nauyi mai nauyi.
kyamarori masu ɗaukar hoto da aka yi amfani da su akan UAVs don lura da ciyayi. Lucieer et al. (2014) ya tattauna tsarin ƙira, haɓakawa, da ayyukan iska na wani sabon labari hyperspectral UAS da daidaitawa, bincike, da fassarar bayanan hoton da aka tattara tare da shi. A ƙarshe, Honkavaara et al. (2013b) ya ɓullo da ingantacciyar hanyar sarrafawa don FabryPerot Hotunan da ke tushen tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin hoto kuma ya nuna amfani da shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin biomass don ingantaccen aikin noma. Hanyoyi masu yuwuwa na gaba don wannan gungu na yanzu sun haɗa da jaddada buƙatar haɓaka fasaha a cikin fasahar firikwensin (Aasen et al., 2015b) da kuma buƙatar haɗawa da haɓaka fasahar haɗin gwiwa, musamman manyan bayanai da nazari (Ang & Seng, 2021; Radoglou). - Grammatikis et al., 2020; Shakoor et al., 2019). Ƙarshen ya samo asali ne daga bayanan da ke tasowa ta hanyar na'urori masu auna firikwensin da aka aiwatar a cikin aikin gona mai wayo (C. Li & Niu, 2020; A. Rejeb et al., 2022; Y. Su & Wang, 2021).
Tari 5. Littattafan da ke cikin wannan gungu sun yi nazarin aikace-aikacen 3Dmapping na tushen drones. Yin amfani da drones don taswirar 3D na iya rage hadaddun aikin filin da haɓaka aiki sosai (Torres-Sanchez 'et al., 2015). Labarai guda biyar a cikin gungu sun fi mayar da hankali kan aikace-aikacen sa ido kan shuka. Misali, don samun bayanai mai girma uku game da wurin alfarwa, tsayin bishiya, da ƙarar rawani, Torres-Sanchez ' et al. (2015) yayi amfani da fasahar UAV don samar da samfuran saman dijital sannan kuma hanyoyin nazarin hoto na tushen abu (OBIA). Bugu da ari, Zarco-Tejada et al. (2014) ƙididdige tsayin bishiyar ta hanyar haɗa fasahar UAV da hanyoyin sake gina hoto mai girma uku. Jim'enez-Brenes Lopez-Granados, 'De Castro, et al. (2017) ya nuna sabon tsari don lokuta da yawa, saka idanu na 3D na yawancin itatuwan zaitun ta hanyar haɗa fasahar UAV tare da hanyoyin OBIA mai ci gaba. Hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa don ayyuka na gaba a cikin wannan tari sun haɗa da ko dai inganta halin yanzu
hanyoyin (Zarco-Tejada et al., 2014) don dalilai na ƙirar ƙirar dijital (Ajayi et al., 2017; Jaud et al., 2016), kamar OBIA (de Castro et al., 2018, 2020; Ventura et al. , 2018), da kuma sake gina hoto ko haɓaka hanyoyin zamani (Díaz-Varela et al., 2015; Torres-S'anchez et al., 2015).
Cluster 6. Wannan gungu ya tattauna rawar da jirage marasa matuka ke takawa wajen sa ido kan aikin gona. UAVs na iya haɗawa da shawo kan gazawar tauraron dan adam da hoton jirgin sama. Misali, za su iya samar da babban ƙuduri kusa da hoto na ainihi tare da ƙarancin man fetur ko ƙalubalen matukin jirgi, wanda ke haifar da ci gaba da sa ido na gaske da haɓaka yanke shawara (S. Herwitz et al., 2004). Wata babbar gudummawar UAVs ita ce iyawarsu ta samar da takamaiman bayanai game da aikin noma na musamman ko takamaiman aikin noma a matsayin babban ƙudurinsu, cikakkun bayanai game da sigogi daban-daban suna ba manoma damar raba ƙasar zuwa sassa iri ɗaya kuma su bi da su daidai (Hunt et al. , 2010; CC Lelong et al., 2008; Primicerio et al., 2012). Irin wannan tushen sa ido kan aikin gona na UAV zai iya tallafawa sa ido kan tsaron abinci da yanke shawara (SR Herwitz et al., 2004). Don ci gaba da bincike a cikin sa ido kan aikin gona, ba kawai haɓakawa a cikin na'urori masu auna firikwensin ba, UAVs, da sauran fasahohin da ke da alaƙa da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar su da canja wurin bayanai ana buƙatar (Ewing et al., 2020; Shuai et al., 2019), har ma da haɗa jiragen sama marasa matuƙa tare da iri-iri. fasahohi don inganta ayyuka daban-daban dangane da aikin gona mai wayo, kamar sa ido, sa ido kan aikin gona, da yanke shawara, yanki ne mai yuwuwar bincike (Alsamhi et al., 2021; Popescu et al., 2020; Vuran et al., 2018). Dangane da wannan, IoT, WSNs, da manyan bayanai suna ba da damar ƙarin abubuwan ban sha'awa (van der Merwe et al., 2020). Kudin aiwatarwa, tanadin farashi, ingantaccen makamashi, da amincin bayanai suna daga cikin wuraren da ba a yi bincike ba don irin wannan haɗin kai (Masroor et al., 2021).
Kasashe da cibiyoyin ilimi
Mataki na ƙarshe ya haɗa da binciken ƙasar asalin da kuma alaƙar ilimin marubutan. Ta hanyar wannan bincike, muna da nufin ƙara fahimtar rarrabuwar masanan da ke ba da gudummawa ga aikace-aikacen jiragen sama marasa matuki a aikin gona. Abin lura ne a lura da bambancin ƙasashe da cibiyoyin ilimi. Ta fuskar ƙasa, Amurka, Sin, Indiya, da Italiya sun kasance a saman jerin dangane da adadin wallafe-wallafe (Table 7). A halin yanzu
bincike kan jirage marasa matuka a fannin noma ya fi mayar da hankali ne a Arewacin Amurka da kasashen Asiya, musamman saboda yadda suke da hannu wajen aiwatar da aikin noma na gaskiya. Misali, a cikin Amurka, an kiyasta kasuwar jiragen sama marasa matuka a kan dala miliyan 841.9 a cikin shekarar 2020, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 30% na kasuwar duniya (ReportLinker, 2021). Kasar Sin tana matsayin kasa mafi karfin tattalin arziki a duniya, ana hasashen kasar Sin za ta kai kimanin girman kasuwar da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 2.6 a shekarar 2027. Wannan kasa tana neman jiragen noma marasa matuka don shawo kan al'amuran da suka shafi samar da kayayyaki, da samar da ingantacciyar albarkatu, da rage guraben ayyukan yi, da rage yawan kayayyakin da ake samarwa. Duk da haka, karbuwar fasahar a kasar Sin shi ma yana da nasaba da dalilai kamar girman yawan jama'a da bukatar kirkire-kirkire da inganta ayyukan sarrafa amfanin gona da ake da su.
Manyan ƙasashe masu albarka da jami'o'i/ ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga
binciken da ya shafi aikin gona mara matuki.
Rank | kasashen |
1 | Amurka |
2 | Sin |
3 | India |
4 | Italiya |
5 | Spain |
6 | Jamus |
7 | Brazil |
8 | Australia |
9 | Japan |
10 | United Kingdom |
Rank | Jami'o'i/Kungiyoyi |
1 | Kwalejin Kimiyya na Sin |
2 | Ma'aikatar Noma ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin |
3 | Babban Majalisar Nazarin Kimiyya |
4 | Jami'ar Texas A&M |
5 | Jami'ar aikin gona ta kasar Sin |
6 | Sabis ɗin Binciken Noma na USDA |
7 | CSIC - Cibiyar Agricultura Sostenible IAS |
8 | Jami'ar Purdue |
9 | Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa |
10 | Jami’ar Noma ta Kudu |
Ta fuskar jami'a da na kungiyoyi, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin ce ke kan gaba wajen yawan wallafe-wallafe, sai kuma ma'aikatar aikin gona ta jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin, sai kuma Consejo Superior de Investigciones Científicas. Mawallafa Liao Xiaohan da Li Jun ne suka wakilci Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin; Han Wenting ya wakilci ma'aikatar aikin gona ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin; da Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Lopez-Granados, 'F. da Pena, ˜ Josse María S. Daga Amurka, jami'o'i kamar Jami'ar Texas A&M da Jami'ar Purdue sun sami wakilcin su.
ambaton. Jami'o'in da ke da mafi girman adadin wallafe-wallafe da haɗin gwiwarsu an nuna su a cikin siffa 4. Bugu da ƙari, wannan jeri ya haɗa da cibiyoyi irin su Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche da Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas waɗanda ke aiki a binciken kimiyya, amma ba cibiyoyin ilimi ba ne. .
Zaɓin mu ya haɗa da mujallu iri-iri, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan duk bayanan da ake da su. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 8, Nesa Sensing tare da labaran 258 a saman, sannan Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems: Theory and Applications with 126 da Computers and Electronics in Agriculture tare da labarai 98. Yayin da Nesa Sensing ya fi mayar da hankali kan aikace-aikace da haɓaka jiragen sama marasa matuki, Kwamfuta da Lantarki a Aikin Noma galibi suna rufe ci gaba a cikin kayan aikin kwamfuta, software, kayan lantarki, da tsarin sarrafawa a aikin gona. Shafukan ƙetare, irin su IEEE Robotics da Haruffa Automation tare da wallafe-wallafe 87 da IEEE Access tare da wallafe-wallafe 34, su ma manyan kantuna ne a fagen. Manyan kantuna goma sha biyar sun ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen tare da takaddun 959, wanda shine kusan 20.40% na duk wallafe-wallafe. Binciken haɗin gwiwar jarida yana ba mu damar bincika mahimmanci da kamance tsakanin wallafe-wallafe. Binciken haɗin gwiwar yana haifar da gungu guda uku, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 5. Tarin ja ya ƙunshi mujallu kamar Nesa Sensing, Computer da Electronics a Agriculture, Sensors,
da kuma Jarida ta kasa da kasa na Sensing Remote. Duk waɗannan kantunan jaridu ne da suka shahara sosai a fagagen fahimtar nesa da ingantaccen aikin noma. Tarin koren ya ƙunshi mujallolin da ke hulɗa da na'ura mai kwakwalwa, kamar Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems: Theory and Applications, IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, IEEE Access, da Drones. Waɗannan kantuna galibi suna buga takardu akan sarrafa kansa kuma suna da amfani ga injiniyoyin aikin gona. Rukunin ƙarshe an kafa shi ta hanyar mujallu masu alaƙa da aikin gona da injiniyan aikin gona, kamar Agronomy da International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering.
Manyan mujallu 15 a cikin binciken da ya shafi aikin gona mara matuki.
Rank | Journal | count |
1 | Sensing na Nesa | 258 |
2 | Journal of Intelligent da Robotic Systems: Theory da Aikace-aikace | 126 |
3 | Kwamfuta da Lantarki a Noma | 98 |
4 | IEEE Robotics da Haruffa Automation | 87 |
5 | kwamfuta; | 73 |
6 | Jarida ta Ƙasashen Duniya na Ƙwarewar Nesa | 42 |
7 | Daidaici Aikin Noma | 41 |
8 | drones | 40 |
9 | Agronomy | 34 |
10 | IEEE Access | 34 |
11 | Jarida ta kasa da kasa na Advanced Robotic Systems | 31 |
12 | Jarida ta ƙasa da ƙasa na Injiniyan Aikin Noma da Halittu | 25 |
13 | KUMA KUMA | 25 |
14 | Jaridar Field Robotics | 23 |
15 | Biosystems Engineering | 23 |
Kammalawa
Summary
A cikin wannan binciken, mun taqaita tare da yin nazari kan binciken da ake yi kan jirage marasa matuki na noma. Yin amfani da dabaru daban-daban na bibliometric, mun yi ƙoƙari don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da tsarin tunani na binciken da ya shafi aikin noma. A taƙaice, nazarinmu yana ba da gudummawa da yawa ta hanyar ganowa da tattauna mahimman kalmomi a cikin wallafe-wallafen, bayyanar da tarin ilimi yayin ƙirƙirar al'ummomi masu kama da juna a fagen jiragen sama, da bayyana binciken da aka yi a baya, da kuma ba da shawarar hanyoyin bincike na gaba. A ƙasa, mun zayyana babban sakamakon binciken da aka yi game da haɓaka jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na aikin gona:
• Gabaɗaya wallafe-wallafen ya girma cikin sauri kuma ya jawo hankali sosai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kamar yadda karuwar adadin labaran ke nunawa bayan 2012. Duk da cewa har yanzu wannan fannin ilimin bai kai ga balaga ba (Barrientos et al., 2011; Maes & Steppe, 2019), tambayoyi da yawa har yanzu ba a amsa su ba. Misali, amfanin drones a cikin noma na cikin gida har yanzu yana buɗe don muhawara (Aslan et al., 2022; Krul et al., 2021; Rold'an et al., 2015). Rikicin filaye da yanayi daban-daban na hoto (misali, inuwa da haske) na iya haifar da babban bambanci a cikin aji (Yao et al., 2019). Ko da a cikin matakan bincike na baya, an ƙalubalanci masu bincike don ƙayyade mafi kyawun tsare-tsaren jirgin sama bisa ga takamaiman yanayi da ingancin hoto da ake buƙata (Soares et al., 2021; Tu et al.,
2020).
• Mun lura cewa filin ya ci gaba daga haɓaka ingantattun tsarin UAV zuwa haɗa dabarun AI, kamar koyan injina da zurfafa ilmantarwa a cikin ƙirar drones na aikin gona (Bah et al., 2018; Kitano et al., 2019; Maimaitijiang et al. , 2020; Mazzia et al., 2020; Tetila et al., 2020).
• Bincike kan jirage marasa matuki na aikin gona sun tattauna batun nesa nesa ta hanyar bincika yuwuwar fasahar a cikin sa ido kan muhalli, sarrafa amfanin gona, da sarrafa ciyawa (cluster 1) da kuma ƙididdige ƙima da ƙima (cluster 2). Saitin binciken da ya yi tasiri akan jiragen sama marasa matuki sun hada da Austin (2010), Berni et al. (2009) a, Herwitz et al. (2004), Nex da Remondino (2014), da Zhang and Kovacs (2012). Waɗannan karatun sun haɓaka tushen ra'ayi na binciken da ke da alaƙa da drone a cikin mahallin aikin gona.
• Dangane da tsarin, mun lura cewa yawancin binciken da aka yi ya zuwa yanzu sun ƙunshi ko dai ƙirar tsarin, ra'ayi, ko nazarin tushen bita (Inoue, 2020; Nex & Remondino, 2014; Perrez-Ortiz et al. , 2015; Yao et al., 2019). Har ila yau, muna lura da rashin ƙwaƙƙwaran hanyoyi, ƙwarewa, da kuma hanyoyin da suka dogara da shari'a a cikin aikin binciken jiragen sama marasa matuƙa.
• Kwanan nan, batutuwan da suka danganci aikin noma na gaskiya, dabarun AI, madaidaicin viticulture, da ƙididdigar damuwa na ruwa sun jawo hankali sosai (Espinoza et al., 2017; Gomez-Cand 'on' et al., 2016; Matese et al., 2015; Matese & Di Gennaro, 2018, 2021; Z. Zhou et al., 2021). Nazari a tsanake na gungu na bincike a cikin zamani daban-daban, 1990–2010 da 2011–2021, yana bayyana ci gaban tsarin tunani na yankin. Lokacin daga 1990 zuwa 2010 ya ƙunshi gina ra'ayi na tsakiya da kuma ra'ayoyin jirage marasa matuka, wanda a bayyane yake daga tattaunawar ƙirar UAV, haɓakawa, da aiwatarwa. A cikin zamani na biyu, mayar da hankali kan bincike yana faɗaɗa kan binciken da ya gabata, yana yin ƙoƙari don haɗa lamura masu amfani da UAV a cikin aikin gona. Mun kuma sami bincike da yawa waɗanda ke tattauna aikace-aikacen drone a cikin ayyukan hoto da ingantaccen aikin noma.
Rank | Journal | count |
1 | Sensing na Nesa | 258 |
2 | Journal of Intelligent da Robotic Systems: Theory da | 126 |
Aikace-aikace | ||
3 | Kwamfuta da Lantarki a Noma | 98 |
4 | IEEE Robotics da Haruffa Automation | 87 |
5 | kwamfuta; | 73 |
6 | Jarida ta Ƙasashen Duniya na Ƙwarewar Nesa | 42 |
7 | Daidaici Aikin Noma | 41 |
8 | drones | 40 |
9 | Agronomy | 34 |
10 | IEEE Access | 34 |
11 | Jarida ta kasa da kasa na Advanced Robotic Systems | 31 |
12 | Jarida ta ƙasa da ƙasa na Injiniyan Aikin Noma da Halittu | 25 |
13 | KUMA KUMA | 25 |
14 | Jaridar Field Robotics | 23 |
15 | Biosystems Engineering | 22 |
abubuwan
An ƙirƙira da gudanar da bitar mu na bibliometric tare da masana, manoma, masana aikin gona, masu ba da shawara kan amfanin gona, da masu tsara tsarin UAV a zuciya. Ga mafi kyawun sanin marubuta, wannan shine ɗayan bita-da-kulin farko na asali waɗanda suka gudanar da bincike mai zurfi na littafi mai tsarki.
aikace-aikacen drone a cikin aikin gona. Mun gudanar da cikakken nazari na wannan ƙungiyar ilimin, ta yin amfani da ƙididdiga da nazarin wallafe-wallafe. Ƙoƙarinmu na bayyana tsarin tunani na binciken jirgin sama yana ba da sabbin fahimta ga masana ilimi. Yin bita a hankali game da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a tsawon lokaci yana bayyana wuraren da ake amfani da su da wuraren bincike a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaka da drone. Bugu da ƙari, muna gabatar da jerin mafi yawan binciken da aka ambata don gano ayyukan bincike mafi tasiri da aka kammala a cikin filin. Gano labarai da kalmomin shiga na iya haifar da ingantaccen wurin farawa don buɗe hanyoyi da yawa don karatu na gaba.
Mahimmanci, mun bayyana gungu waɗanda ke rarraba ayyuka masu kama da juna kuma mun yi ƙarin bayani kan sakamakon. Nazarin da aka rarraba a cikin gungu yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar tsarin tunani na binciken UAV. Musamman ma, mun gano ƙarancin karatun da ke bincika abubuwan ɗaukar jiragen marasa matuƙa
da shingayen ayyukan noma (duba Table 9). Masu bincike na gaba za su iya magance wannan yuwuwar gibin ta hanyar gudanar da bincike mai zurfi wanda ke kimanta abubuwan da jiragen ke ɗauka a cikin ayyukan noma daban-daban da yanayin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, binciken da ya danganci nazarin shari'a game da ingancin jiragen ya kamata a goyi bayan bayanan gaske daga filin. Hakanan, shigar da manoma da manajoji a cikin binciken ilimi zai kasance da fa'ida ga duka ka'idoji da ci gaban bincike na drone. Hakanan mun sami damar gano manyan masu bincike da gudummawar su, wanda ke da mahimmanci saboda wayar da kai game da ayyukan karatun kwanan nan na iya ba da wasu jagora don ayyukan ilimi na gaba.
Table 9
UAV masu shingen tallafi.
Shamaki | description |
Tsaro bayanai | Tsaron Intanet babban ƙalubale ne don aiwatarwa Maganin IoT (Masroor et al., 2021). |
Interaperability da hadewa | Daban-daban fasaha kamar UAV, WSN, IoT, da dai sauransu. ya kamata a haɗa da watsa bayanai wanda haɓaka matakin rikitarwa (Alsamhi et al., 2021; Popescu et al., 2020; Vuran et al., 2018). |
Kudin aiwatarwa | Wannan lamari ne na musamman ga kananan manoma da kuma Haɗa nau'ikan fasahohi daban-daban ( Masroor et al., 2021). |
Ilimin aiki da gwaninta | Ana buƙatar ƙwararrun matukan jirgi mara matuki don sarrafa UAVs. Hakanan, aiwatar da nau'ikan yankan-baki fasahar tana buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata (YB Huang et al., 2013; Tsouros et al., 2019). |
Ikon Inji da tashi duration | Ba za a iya sarrafa jirage marasa matuka ba na tsawon sa'o'i da rufewa manyan yankuna (Hardin & Hardin, 2010; Laliberte et al., 2007). |
Kwanciyar hankali, amintacce, da motsi | Jiragen saman ba su da kwanciyar hankali a lokacin munanan yanayi (Hardin & Hardin, 2010; Laliberte et al., 2007). |
Iyakan biya da kuma ingancin na'urori masu auna sigina | Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu ne kawai ke iya ɗaukar iyakataccen kayan aiki zuwa iyawa na loda ƙananan na'urori masu inganci (Nebiker et al., 2008). |
Regulation | Kamar yadda jirage marasa matuka na iya zama haɗari kuma, akwai mai tsanani dokoki a wasu wurare (Hardin & Jensen, 2011; Laliberte & Rango, 2011). |
Ilimin manoma da amfani | Kamar sauran fasahohin zamani, drones' aiwatar da nasara yana buƙatar ƙwarewa da kuma tare da rashin tabbas (Fisher et al., 2009; Lambert et al., 2004; Stafford, 2000). |
Tun da ana buƙatar ci gaba da yin amfani da albarkatun da ake da su sosai don haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa, manoma za su iya yin amfani da jiragen marasa matuƙa don tabbatar da saurin bincikar filayensu cikin sauri, daidai, da tsada. Fasahar za ta iya tallafa wa manoma don sanin yanayin amfanin gonakinsu da kuma tantance matsayin ruwa, matakin girma, kamuwa da kwari, da bukatun abinci mai gina jiki. Ƙarfin nesa-nesa na jirage marasa matuki na iya baiwa manoma mahimman bayanai don hasashen al'amura a matakin farko da kuma yin matakan da suka dace cikin gaggawa. Duk da haka, amfanin fasahar za a iya samu ne kawai idan an magance kalubalen yadda ya kamata. A cikin haske na
matsaloli na yanzu game da tsaro na bayanai, batutuwan fasahar firikwensin (misali, aminci ko daidaiton ma'auni), rikitarwa na haɗin kai, da ƙimar aiwatarwa, dole ne kuma karatun nan gaba ya bincika yuwuwar fasaha, tattalin arziki, da aiki na haɗa jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na noma da sauran yanke- gefen fasahar.
gazawar
Nazarinmu yana da iyakoki da yawa. Da fari dai, abubuwan da aka gano ana tantance su ta wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa don bincike na ƙarshe. Yana da ƙalubale don kama duk binciken da ya dace da ke da alaƙa da jirage marasa matuƙa na aikin gona, musamman waɗanda ba a lissafta su a cikin bayanan Scopus ba. Bugu da ari, tsarin tattara bayanai yana iyakance ga saitin kalmomin bincike, waɗanda ƙila ba za su iya haɗawa ba kuma suna haifar da sakamakon da bai dace ba. Don haka, binciken da za a yi a nan gaba yana buƙatar mai da hankali sosai kan batun tattara bayanai don yin
ƙarin abin dogara ƙarshe. Wani ƙayyadaddun ya shafi sabbin wallafe-wallafe tare da ƙaramin adadin ambato. Binciken bibliometric yana karkata ne ga wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata yayin da suke yawan samun ƙarin ambato a cikin shekaru. Nazari na baya-bayan nan yana buƙatar takamaiman adadin lokaci don jawo hankali da tara ambato. Saboda haka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda ya kawo canjin yanayi ba zai zama matsayi a cikin manyan ayyuka goma masu tasiri ba. Wannan iyakance ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gwajin wuraren bincike masu tasowa cikin sauri kamar jirage marasa matuka na noma. Kamar yadda muka tuntubi Scopus don nazarin wallafe-wallafen wannan aikin, masu bincike na gaba zasu iya yin la'akari daban-daban
bayanan bayanai, irin su yanar gizo na Kimiyya da IEEE Xplore, don faɗaɗa sararin sama da haɓaka tsarin bincike.
Mai yuwuwar karatun bibliometric na iya yin la'akari da wasu mahimman hanyoyin ilimi kamar takaddun taro, surori, da littattafai don samar da sabbin dabaru. Duk da taswira da binciken wallafe-wallafen duniya game da jirage marasa matuki na noma, bincikenmu bai bayyana dalilan da suka haifar da fitowar masana daga jami'o'i ba. Wannan ne ya share fagen bincike kan wani sabon salo na bincike mai inganci wajen bayyana dalilin da ya sa wasu jami’o’in suka fi wasu amfani wajen bincike kan harkar noma.
jirage marasa matuka. Bugu da kari, nazarin nan gaba zai iya ba da haske game da yuwuwar jirage marasa matuka don haɓaka dorewar noma ta hanyoyi da yawa kamar sa ido kan muhalli, sarrafa amfanin gona, da taswirar ciyawa kamar yadda masu bincike da yawa suka nuna (Chamuah & Singh, 2019; Islam et al., 2021; Popescu et al., 2020; J. Su, Liu, et al., 2018b). Tun da nazarin rubutun ba zai yiwu ba saboda yawan adadin takaddun da aka zaɓa, akwai buƙatar sake dubawa na wallafe-wallafen da ke nazarin abubuwan da aka zaɓa.
hanyoyin bincike da aka yi amfani da su da kuma shigar da manoma a cikin binciken da suka gabata. A takaice dai, bincikenmu na binciken da muka yi na binciken jiragen sama yana fallasa alakar da ba a ganuwa na wannan bangaren ilimi. Wannan bita don haka yana taimakawa wajen gano alaƙar da ke tsakanin wallafe-wallafe da kuma bincika tsarin tunani na fannin bincike. Har ila yau, yana kwatanta alaƙar da ke tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na wallafe-wallafe, kamar kalmomin mawallafa, alaƙa, da ƙasashe.
Sanarwa game da Bukatar Gasa
Marubutan sun ba da sanarwar cewa ba su da masaniya game da sha'awar kuɗi ko alaƙar mutum wanda zai iya bayyana ya tasiri aikin da aka ruwaito a cikin wannan takarda.
shafi 1
TITLE-ABS-KEY ((((drone* KO "motar da ba a sarrafa ba)" KO uav* KO "tsarin jirgin sama mara matuki” KO uas KO “jirgin da aka tuƙi daga nesa”) DA ( noma KO noma KO noma KO manomi))) DA (Bare (PUBYEAR, 2022)) DA (LIMIT-ZO (HARSHE, "Turanci")).
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