Yayin da California ke fuskantar wani fari, kayan aikin da za su iya taimaka wa manoma da makiyaya su kara yawan ruwan da suke samu ana kaifafa.
Wani sabon ƙoƙari na auna irin wannan amfani da ruwa an ƙaddamar da shi a makon da ya gabata ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu da ke nuna hukumomin tarayya uku - Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin Samaniya ta kasa; Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka; da Binciken Yanayin Kasa na Amurka - da jami'o'i da dama masu zaman kansu. OpenET, wanda ke da nufin bin diddigin amfani da ruwa a cikin jihohin yamma 17, ya gudana a ranar 21 ga Oktoba kuma yana samuwa a www.openetdata.org
ET yana nufin evapotranspiration, tsarin da ruwa ke ƙafewa daga saman ƙasa kuma yana fitowa daga tsire-tsire.
Robyn Grimm, darektan tsarin ruwa mai jure yanayin yanayi a Asusun Kare Muhalli, ya kwatanta sarrafa ruwa ba tare da bayanan ƙaura ba da sarrafa kasafin kuɗin gida ba tare da sanin adadin kuɗin da ake kashewa ba.
"Shi ne kashi na biyu mafi girma na sake zagayowar ruwa kuma ana iya tunanin shi a matsayin kishiyar hazo," in ji Grimm a wani taron labarai na yau da kullun da ke sanar da kaddamar da makon da ya gabata. "Ruwa ne wanda ke barin saman ƙasa kuma ya koma cikin yanayi, kuma saboda haka, ma'auni ne na ruwan da ba za a iya amfani da shi a cikin tsarin gida ba da zarar an shafa shi a cikin shimfidar wuri."
Shirin ya fara ne da kallon tauraron dan adam daga Landsat, aikin hadin gwiwa tsakanin NASA da Binciken Geological. Shirin yana da tauraron dan adam guda uku a sararin samaniya, wanda aka harba na karshe a farkon watan Satumba. Ana kuma amfani da bayanai daga wasu tauraron dan adam na NASA da Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai.
Forrest Melton, masanin kimiyya a ofishin aikace-aikacen ruwa na NASA na yammacin Turai, ya fada a taron manema labarai cewa zubar da ruwa yana cinye makamashi kuma yana sanyaya saman da ruwa ke fitowa.
"Wannan tasirin sanyaya yana bayyane ga firikwensin infrared na thermal na Landsat, wanda ke gano mafi girman ƙimar ET a matsayin yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai sanyi," in ji Melton. "Yanayin yanayin sanyi, bi da bi, yana nufin cewa tsire-tsire ne ake amfani da su ko kuma ke haifar da ƙarin ruwa, kuma suna ƙafewa daga saman ƙasa."
Tsire-tsire za su nuna nau'i daban-daban na infrared da haske na kusa-infrared dangane da lafiyar ciyayi, in ji Melton.
"Wannan yana ba mu damar yin lissafin ET don kusan kowane filin noma a Yamma, da kuma auna tasirin fari (da) wutar daji a duk faɗin wuri tare da adadi mai yawa," in ji Melton.
Haɗa bayanan tauraron dan adam tare da bayanan yanayi yana ba masana kimiyya damar ƙididdige ƙimar evapotranspiration na kowane pixel na hoton tauraron dan adam, in ji Melton, ya kara da cewa kowane pixel yana auna mita 30 da 30, ko kuma kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na kadada.
Akwai kuma kokarin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suke yi a wannan fanni da ake yi. Joel Kimmelshue ya ƙaddamar da LandIQ a cikin 2007 ta amfani da wasu fasahohin da ke da tushe iri ɗaya a madadin abokan cinikinsa.
Kimmelshue, wanda ya fito daga dangin noma na gundumar Butte ya ce "Muna rataye hularmu kan samun damar yin magana kai tsaye da mai noman da kuma fahimtar yadda mai noman yake tunani, saboda ni daga wannan muhalli nake." Fasahar fasaharsa ta ragu zuwa ƙaramin ƙuduri fiye da OpenET mita 10 da mita 10, ko 0.02 acre - kuma bayanan suna samuwa ga abokin ciniki kawai. Bayanan OpenET, da bambanci, za su kasance ga jama'a a cikin iyakataccen tsari.
Baya ga aikin taswirar amfanin gona na Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Jiha, LandIQ tana gudanar da tattara bayanan evapotranspiration don yawan gundumomin ban ruwa da hukumomin dorewar ruwan karkashin kasa a yankin kudu na kwarin San Joaquin.
"Suna amfani da bayanan don ainihin masu yin lissafin kuɗi a yanzu akan ruwan da suke cinyewa - nawa ne ruwan amfanin gona ya gudana tare da tsarin lissafin gargajiya na nawa kuka shafa? Ruwa nawa kuka yi?” Kimmelshue ya ce.
Ya kara da cewa, "Ba kowane digon ruwa da aka shafa a saman kasa ba ne amfanin gona ke amfani da shi." "Kuna son samun kusan kashi 90% na inganci ko kuma a can idan za ku iya, amma sauran ruwan yana komawa cikin ruwan karkashin kasa."
Kimmelshue ya bayyana cewa ƙimar inganci na 90% yana nufin cewa shuka ko itace ke ɗaukar kashi na ruwa.
"Wannan ƙimar ingancin na iya zama ƙasa da 50%, dangane da yadda kuke sarrafa ruwan," in ji shi. “Idan ka kunna famfun ka kawai ka shafa ruwa na tsawon kwanaki uku kai tsaye, za ka shafa ruwa fiye da yadda amfanin gona zai iya amfani da shi. Idan kun kunna famfo ɗinku kuma ku shafa ruwa don biyan buƙatun amfanin gona, wanda bayananmu ke bayarwa, to za ku iya sarrafa aikin ku ta hanyar da ta dace.
Kimmelshue ba kawai ya ɗauki kalmar tauraron dan adam ba - shi da ma'aikatansa suna ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa akan hanya.
Kimmelshue ya ce "Ƙananan kasuwancinmu sun dogara ne akan gaskiyar gaskiya." “Muna da hanyar sadarwa ta kusan 80, tana kusantar tashoshi 90 yanzu, tashoshin yanayi na yanayi a ƙasa waɗanda ke auna abubuwa kamar saurin iska da zafin jiki da zafi da radiyo, da sauransu, don ƙididdige ainihin ET. Muna amfani da wannan azaman tarin bayanai don horar da samfuran. "
Aikinsa na taswirar amfanin gona ya zo da amfani kuma, in ji shi.
"Muna haɗa taswirar amfanin gona a cikin bincikenmu," in ji Kimmelshue. "Muna iya kallon ET na almonds, ET na walnuts, ET na alfalfa."
Wannan bayanan, in ji shi, ya kamata ya taimaka wa manoma da makiyaya don magance kasancewa ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa.
Kimmelshue ya ce "Akwai bincike sosai kan masu noma a halin yanzu game da samun inganci, samun inganci, kasancewa mafi inganci - rage yawan famfo, rage yawan famfo, rage yawan famfo," in ji Kimmelshue. "Saboda (Dokar Kula da Ruwan Ruwa mai Dorewa), da alama za a iya samun gagarumin ƙasa ta faɗo a kudu (San Joaquin) Valley da yiwuwar sauran yankunan jihar. Masu noma za su shimfiɗa waɗancan kayan ruwa gwargwadon iyawarsu. Ana ba su kwarin gwiwa don kada su wuce gona da iri a wannan lokacin."
- Kevin Hecteman, California Farm Bureau Federation