Masana'antar kayan lambu suna da sha'awar girma ga lafiyar ƙasa da ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani da ƙasa, gami da fungi na mycorrhizal. Samun fa'idodin daga fungi na mycorrhizal a ƙarƙashin yanayin filin kasuwanci ba shi da sauƙi. Ƙarƙashin noma mai zurfi, fumigation na ƙasa, fallow da girma na amfanin gona maras mycorrhizal - irin su waɗanda ke cikin brassica (Brassicaceae) da gwoza (Amaranthaceae) iyalai - rage matakan mycorrhizal inoculum a cikin ƙasa, da yuwuwar samun mulkin mallaka na amfanin gona. tushen da mycorrhizal fungi.
A matsayin ɓangare na Inganta amfanin gona na rufewa don masana'antar kayan lambu (VG16068) - wani dabarun saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin Asusun Hort Innovation kayan lambu - ƙungiyar aikin ta duba yuwuwar amfanin amfanin gona, tare da inoculants na mycorrhizal na kasuwanci da rage noman ƙasa, don haɓaka fungi mycorrhizal masu fa'ida a cikin kayan lambu. Ana buƙatar haɓakawa yayin da aka gano matakan mamayar mycorrhizal a cikin amfanin gonakin kayan marmari na ƙasa. Koyaya, haɓaka matakan mulkin mallaka na mycorrhizal a cikin amfanin gonakin kayan lambu ya kasance da wahala saboda yawan matakan phosphorus na ƙasa.
Mabuɗin mahimmanci da shawarwari
Wani bincike na fungi na mycorrhizal a cikin kayan lambu na kasuwanci a Ostiraliya ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar ayyuka don haɓaka fungi masu amfani, tare da kawai kashi 14 cikin XNUMX na kayan lambu da aka kwatanta da ke nuna ƙungiyoyin mycorrhizal.
Ƙoƙarin haɓaka matakan mycorrhizal a cikin kayan lambu na kayan lambu ta amfani da amfanin gona mai rufewa a haɗe tare da inoculants na mycorrhizal na kasuwanci da rage aikin noma a gwaji daban-daban ba su yi nasara ba a cikin gwajin mu. Koyaya, inoculants na iya zama da amfani a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi.
Babban samuwan ƙasa phosphorus a cikin ƙasa mai girma kayan lambu yana hana tushen mycorrhizal mulkin mallaka na amfanin gona da kayan lambu.
Ga masu shuka kayan lambu masu sha'awar haɓaka ƙungiyar mycorrhizal a cikin amfanin gonar su da kayan lambu, masu zuwa sune yanayin "mafi kyawun fare" don haɓaka matakan mycorrhizal:
- Ƙasa mai matsakaicin matakan phosphorus (Olsen-P <50 ppm).
- Ƙarfin phosphorus mai ƙarfi (misali, arewacin Tasmania da kudu maso yammacin WA).
- Tsarin samar da kayan lambu ta hanyar amfani da manyan matakan takin.
Me yasa ake haɓaka fungi mycorrhizal? Amfani ta hanyar symbiosis
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi sune 'tuta' na fungi masu fa'ida, tare da yuwuwar fa'idodinsu da aka sansu a duk faɗin masana'antar kayan lambu da haɓaka amfani da samfuran inoculant na mycorrhizal.
Yin mulkin mallaka na tushen shuka ta hanyar fungi mycorrhizal yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da:
- Ƙara yawan abubuwan gina jiki marasa motsi, musamman phosphorus da zinc
- Ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki na samfur.
- Inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa.
- Biostimulant Properties.
- Kariyar tushen rundunar daga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta.
- Ingantacciyar alaƙar ruwa, musamman ƙarƙashin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki.
- Rage girgiza dasawa.
- Inganta tara ƙasa ta hanyar glomalin.
Mycorrhizal fungi sune naman gwari na naman gwari tare da fiye da nau'ikan 15 da nau'ikan 150. A cikin ƙasan noma, fungi na mycorrhizal na iya zama tsakanin kashi biyar zuwa 50 cikin XNUMX na kwayoyin halittun ƙasa.
Kusan duk ƙasa tana ɗauke da wasu fungi na mycorrhizal, amma ƙarancin inoculum (spores, guntuwar tushen da hyphae) da nau'in fungal sun bambanta. Don tsira da girma, fungi na mycorrhizal yana buƙatar tsire-tsire mai rai wanda ke ba da abinci (photosynthates) don musanyawa ga fa'idodin da ke tattare da alaƙar symbiotic.
Ana kimanta ƙungiyar tsakanin fungi na mycorrhizal da shuka ta hanyar auna matakan tushen mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya haɗa da ɗaukar samfurori daga amfanin gonakin gona, tabo don haskaka fungi na mycorrhizal da kuma nazarin tushen tsarin mycorrhizal (hyphae, arbuscles ko vesicles). Ana amfani da wannan don ƙididdige yawan tushen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka.
Mycorrhizal fungi a cikin kayan lambu na kasuwanci - yana buƙatar haɓakawa?
An gano matakan mulkin mallaka na Mycorrhizal a matsayin ƙananan kayan lambu na kasuwanci. Kashi 14 cikin 1 na kayan lambu da aka yi samfuri kawai suna da ƙungiyoyin mycorrhizal (koma zuwa Table 1). Daga cikin waɗannan amfanin gona tare da ƙungiyoyin mycorrhizal, matakan mulkin mallaka na tushen sun kasance matsakaici (Table 1, Figure 57). An yi samfurin kayan lambu 22 a cikin gonaki XNUMX. An dauki samfurin tushen daga amfanin gona da aka noma a cikin Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia da Tasmania. Hakanan an yi samfurin capsicum na ƙasa da aka girma a cikin ƙasa a cikin Kudancin Ostiraliya.
Ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin mycorrhizal
A cikin gwaje-gwajen gonaki guda huɗu, mun yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka mulkin mallaka na mycorrhizal a cikin ko dai rufe amfanin gona ko leek ko masara ta amfani da kewayon amfanin gona mai rufewa tare da inoculants na mycorrhizal da rage noma.
Abubuwan da aka rufe suna da ƙananan matakan tushen mycorrhizal (Table 2) kuma baya haɓaka matakan mycorrhizal a cikin ƙasa ko kayan lambu masu zuwa. Sorghum shine kawai amfanin gona mai rufewa wanda ke da matsakaicin tushen mycorrhizal (> 10%).
Ƙara mycorrhizal inoculum zuwa ko dai murfin kayan lambu kafin amfanin gona na kayan lambu ko kai tsaye zuwa kayan lambu ba ya ƙara yawan tushen mulkin mallaka na masara ko leek a lokacin girbi ko girma da yawan amfanin gona.
Babban matakan phosphorus na ƙasa yana iyakance fungi na mycorrhizal
Matakan phosphorus na ƙasa mai girma (Olsen-P> 100 ppm) sun zama ruwan dare a cikin ƙasa mai girma kayan lambu. Irin wannan babban matakin phosphorus na ƙasa zai iya hana tushen mulkin mallaka na amfanin gona da kayan lambu. Ƙara mycorrhizal inoculants bai shawo kan wannan iyakancewar ba. A cikin ƙasa tare da ƙimar Olsen-P sama da 50 ppm shuka mai watsa shiri, wanda ke sarrafa tsarin mulkin mallaka, yawanci baya ƙyale fungi na mycorrhizal cikin tushen.
Mun sami wasu amfanin gona da aka rufe da kayan lambu tare da ƙimar mulkin mallaka mai karɓuwa. Waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna da ƙarancin matakan phosphorus. Misali, amfanin gonar oat tare da adadin tushen mulkin mallaka na kashi 78 yana da darajar Olsen-P na 7 ppm.
Ga masu shuka kayan lambu masu sha'awar haɓaka ƙungiyar mycorrhizal a cikin amfanin gonar su da kayan lambu, muna ba da shawarar yanayin 'mafi kyau' masu zuwa:
- Ƙasa mai matsakaicin matakan phosphorus (< 50 ppm Olsen-P; kusan juzu'i don wasu gwaje-gwajen ƙasa: <140 ppm Colwell-P, <110 ppm Bray-P ko <105 ppm Mehlich-3-P).
- Ƙarfin phosphorus mai ƙarfi (misali, Ferrosols a arewacin Tasmania; ƙasa a kudu maso yammacin WA). Nemo ƙasa tare da ko dai babban ma'aunin Riƙewar Fosfour ko Fihirisar Buffering Phosphorus.
- Samar da kayan lambu ta hanyar amfani da manyan matakan takin. A Kudancin Ostiraliya, mun ci gaba da lura da ƙimar mulkin mallaka na tushen mycorrhizal Solanaceae amfanin gona da ake nomawa cikin kariyar amfanin gona, duk da amfani da fumigants na ƙasa. Waɗannan tsarin duk sun yi amfani da manyan matakan takin da aka haɗa tare da inoculants mycorrhizal.
Waɗannan yanayin 'mafi kyawun fare' suna ba da jagora ga masu noman da ke son haɓaka matakan fungi na mycorrhizal. Duk da haka, ba mu iya nuna abin da amfanin naman gwari na mycorrhizal za a iya ba da kayan lambu a ƙarƙashin yanayin kasuwanci.
Don ƙarin bayani kan amfanin gona da aka samar da aikin VG16068, da fatan za a ziyarci gidan yanar gizon Dukiyar Kasa da kuma neman abubuwan da suka shafi amfanin gona na rufewa.
Hort Innovation ne ya dauki nauyin wannan aikin ta amfani da bincike na kayan lambu da harajin ci gaba da gudummawa daga Gwamnatin Ostiraliya.