Ciyawan filastik yana taimakawa sarrafa ciyawa, adana danshi da saurin dumama ƙasa - don sunaye wasu fa'idodi - amma ciyawan filastik mai yuwuwa yana ba da hakan kuma mai yuwuwa ma ƙari.
"Plastic ciyawa kayan aiki ne na yau da kullun a cikin Amurka da kuma duniya baki ɗaya, amma menene wasu hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don ciyawa na filastik kuma menene ciyawa zai iya yi wa ƙasan ku?" ya tambayi Carol Miles, farfesa a aikin lambu a Jami'ar Jihar Washington (WSU). Miles ya kasance mai magana a EXPO na Babban Tafkuna na kwanan nan, Kayan lambu da Kasuwar Farm a Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Yawancin masu noma suna shakkar yin amfani da mulch ɗin filastik mai lalacewa saboda damuwa game da rashin tabbas, haɗari da ƙayatarwa.
WSU tana kammala shekara ta huɗu na binciken da ke kimanta ciyawa na filastik. Idan ya yi kamar yadda aka yi tsammani, ciyawa gaba ɗaya biodegrades ba tare da cutar da ƙasa ko muhalli ba kuma yana ba da fa'idodi daidai da ciyawa na polyethylene. Mulch ɗin filastik mai lalacewa yana da ƙananan farashin aiki saboda ba dole ba ne a cire shi kuma a zubar dashi a ƙarshen kakar wasa - muhimmin la'akari saboda tsadar sa.
"Kuna shigar da shi a karshen kakar wasa," in ji Miles. "Babban fa'idar ciyawan filastik mai lalacewa shine yana ceton aiki."
WSU tana kimanta mulch ɗin filastik mai lalacewa a Dutsen Vernon, Washington, kuma tare da Jami'ar Tennessee a Knoxville, Tennessee. Yin aiki a wurare biyu ya riga ya ƙayyade ƙimar ciyawa - wanda aka auna a matsayin kashi na fallasa ƙasa (PSE) a cikin kakar wasa - ya bambanta da yawa a wurare daban-daban kuma ya bambanta da shekara. Gabaɗaya, yi tsammanin lalacewa cikin sauri cikin shekaru tare da ƙarin danshi da yanayin zafi.
A Knoxville a cikin 2016, duk samfuran sun kasance da kyau tare da kusan kashi 20 na PSE akan Satumba 1. Duk da haka, ruwan sama mai yawa da yanayin zafi a cikin 2015 ya sa wasu samfuran sun faɗi tare da kusan 100 bisa dari PSE ta tsakiyar lokacin rani.
A Dutsen Vernon, tare da yanayin zafi mai sanyi na Washington, samfuran biodegradable sun kasance mafi kyau a cikin 2016 tare da PSEs a kusa da 5 bisa dari a kan Satumba 1. A cikin 2015, samfurin biodegradable ɗaya ne kawai ya faɗi kuma yana da PSE har zuwa kusan kashi 60 ta Satumba 1, amma wannan ya kasance saboda samfurin ya ninka cikin rabi ta hanyar masana'anta, kuma ninkin rauni ne wanda ya haifar da lalacewa cikin sauri.
Wuri yana da mahimmanci
"Wurin, ba amfanin gona ba, yana ƙayyade adadin lalacewa," in ji Miles. “Gaskiya kuna buƙatar gwada waɗannan samfuran a gonar ku don ganin wanne daga cikin waɗannan samfuran ke yi muku aiki. Samun isasshen ciyawa ta tsawon lokacin girma yana da matukar mahimmanci don kawar da ciyawa. "
Sakamako mai ƙarfi akan kwatancen sarrafa ciyawa yana da wahala a samu. "An sami amsa mai gauraya akan sarrafa ciyawa saboda matsalolin ciyawa sun bambanta a wurare daban-daban," in ji Miles. "Akwai ƙarin batutuwan da ke shafar kawar da ciyawa fiye da ciyawa kawai."
Samuwar saƙon shine mafi daidaituwa. "Shafin shine ainihin abin da zai ƙayyade yawan amfanin ƙasa," in ji Miles. "Dukkan baƙar fata, ciyawa na filastik masu haɓaka suna da kwatankwacin amfanin gona zuwa baki, ciyawa na polyethylene."
WSU tana gwada samfuran BioAgri, Exp.PLA/PHA (fim ɗin gwaji), Naturecycle, Organix (baƙar fata), Organix Clr (bayyane), daidaitaccen polyethylene da WeedGuardPlus.
Samfuran sun bambanta a cikin kaso na tushen halittu. BioAgri yana da kashi 20 zuwa 25 bisa ɗari, Exp.PLA/PHA yana da kashi 86 bisa ɗari
kuma Naturecycle daidai yake da ko sama da kashi 20 na tushen halittu. Organix da Organix Clr suna da kashi 10 cikin 100 na tushen halittu yayin da polyethylene bai kai kashi ɗaya bisa ɗari ba kuma WeedGuardPlus yana tushen 100 bisa ɗari. WeedGuardPlus takarda ne, kashi XNUMX mai yuwuwa mai lalacewa, kuma ana ba da izinin amfani da shi a cikin ingantaccen samar da kwayoyin halitta.
Adadin abun da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta ba shine ke tantance ingancin samfur ko lokacin lalacewa ba saboda ana iya yin mulch ta hanyoyi da yawa.
Ana iya samun robobin da za a iya lalata su daga sitaci na masara ko wasu sitaci na shuka ko kuma daga fermentation na ƙwayoyin cuta na sikari ko lipids. Hakanan za'a iya yin polymers ɗin da za'a iya yin su daga samfuran roba masu ɗauke da ester bond waɗanda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, hasken rana da ruwa ke rushewa da sauri.
Halin m
Ciyawan robobin da za a iya lalata shi yana da suna na manne da 'ya'yan itace masu nauyi da haifar da matsaloli tare da bayyanar da ake gani.
Nazarin WSU ya yi amfani da kabewa a cikin gwaji don tantance wannan matsala.
Matsalar ta kunno kai kuma ciyawa ta manne da kabewa. A cikin wani sabon bincike, Miles ya gano cewa za a iya goge guntun ciyawa daga ’ya’yan itacen idan ’ya’yan itacen ya ɗan ɗan ɗanɗano lokacin da aka tsince shi saboda zafi, raɓa ko ban ruwa kuma an goge ’ya’yan itacen nan da nan. "Idan kuna da samfurin kayan abinci da ke fita daga filin ku, ba za ku so ku ɗauki lokaci don ƙoƙarin wanke shi ba," in ji Miles. "Yi la'akari da ciyawa na filastik a hankali idan kuna cikin wannan yanayin."
WeedGuardPlus a cikin binciken an gano yana da tasirin sanyaya a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke da mummunan tasiri a yanayin sanyi na Washington. A cikin wurare masu zafi na ƙasar, tasirin sanyaya zai iya zama mai kyau.
WeedGuardPlus kuma yana da ikon sarrafa launin rawaya. "Yana sarrafa launin rawaya kowace shekara a cikin gwaji,"
Miles ya ce. "Muna jin wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci ga masu noman da ke da wannan matsalar. Babu maganin ciyawa da aka yiwa lakabi da kabewa don haka kawar da ciyawa lamari ne na gaske."
Deterioration vs. lalata
Lokacin tantance ciyawa mai lalacewa, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci bambanci tsakanin lalacewa da lalacewa.
Lalacewa shine ainihin bazuwar.
Lalacewa shine lalacewar yanayi ko tsagewa da hawaye daga rashin kulawa.
"Idan aka zana ciyawa sosai a kan amfanin gona, zai iya ja da baya," in ji Miles. "Makullin shine don rage duk wani tashin hankali akan ciyawa."
Nasihu kan tattarawa da auna gutsuwar ciyawa daga ƙasa - don tantance yadda samfurin ke aiki da ku - ana samun su a www.biodegradablemulch.org. Shafin haɗin gwiwa ne na Jami'ar Tennessee, WSU da Jami'ar Jihar Montana.
"Dole ne ku yi aikin ku yayin tattarawa da auna waɗannan samfuran," in ji Miles. "Mulches za su yi daban-daban a kowane rukunin yanar gizon."
Oxo- ko hoto-deradable filastar ciyawa al'amari ne mai tsanani a cikin tattaunawa akan ciyawan filastik mai lalacewa.
"Ana sayar da shi a matsayin robobin da ba za a iya jurewa ba kuma ba haka ba," in ji Miles. “Abin da za ku ƙare da shi shine gurɓataccen filastik a cikin filin ku. Ba zai rushe ba kuma zai kasance a can har tsawon shekaru 300 kamar ciyawa na polyethylene. Ba za ku iya ɗauka ba; kawai ya ruguje."
Ana samun takaddar jagora akan ciyawan filastik oxo ko photodegradable a www.biodegradablemulch.org.
A sama: Masu bincike sun kwanta ciyawa a Boxx Berry Farm a Ferndale, Washington, inda masu binciken Jami'ar Jihar Washington ke nazarin ciyawa masu iya lalata. Hoto: Jami'ar Jihar Washington