Kamar yadda aikin noma ya ci gaba, akwai sauran buƙatu na hanyoyin da ba su lalacewa don “gani” cikin ƙasa. Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka Babban Hukumar Ayyukan Bincike-Makamashi (ARPA-E) ta ba da kyautar dala miliyan 4.6 ga Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) don ayyuka guda biyu don magance wannan gibin, yana ba manoma mahimman bayanai don ƙara yawan amfanin gona tare da inganta ajiyar carbon a cikin ƙasa.
Ɗayan aikin yana nufin yin amfani da wutar lantarki don kwatanta tsarin tushen, wanda zai hanzarta kiwo amfanin gona tare da tushen da ya dace da takamaiman yanayi (kamar fari). Sauran aikin za su samar da sabuwar fasahar hoto dangane da watsawar neutron don auna rarraba carbon da sauran abubuwa a cikin ƙasa.
Berkeley Lab ya sami waɗannan kyaututtukan gasa daga ARPA-E's Ra'ayin Rhizosphere Yana Haɓaka Tsarin Tsarin ƙasa (ROOTS)., wanda ke neman haɓaka amfanin gona da ke fitar da carbon daga sararin samaniya da adana shi a cikin ƙasa - yana ba da damar haɓaka kashi 50 cikin 50 a cikin zurfin zurfafawar carbon da tarawa yayin da kuma rage fitar da iskar nitrous oxide da kashi 25 cikin ɗari da haɓaka yawan ruwa da kashi XNUMX cikin ɗari.
Kasawar carbon carbon al'amari ne na duniya wanda ya samo asali daga shekaru da yawa na noman masana'antu. Ƙasa tana da ikon adana adadi mai yawa na carbon, yana rage yawan iskar carbon dioxide yayin da kuma ke haɓaka haifuwar ƙasa da riƙe ruwa.
An EEG don tsire-tsire
Haɓaka fasahar Tomographic Electric Rhizosphere Imaging (TERI), wadda ARPA-E ta ba da kyautar dala miliyan 2.3, wanda Berkeley Lab geophysicist Yuxin Wu ke jagoranta, shi ma a Sashen Kimiyyar Yanayi & Ecosystem. "Kuna iya yin la'akari da shi kamar hoton kwakwalwa, ko EEG, inda na'urorin lantarki da aka makala a kan ku za su iya rikodin yanayin motsin kwakwalwa," in ji Wu. "Sabuwar fasahar za ta kasance kamar EEG don tsire-tsire."
Ta hanyar aika ƙaramin lantarki a cikin tushe, wanda zai yi tafiya a cikin tsarin tushen, TERI zai fahimci amsawar wutar lantarki na tushen da ƙasa kuma ya ba da bayani game da tushen tushen, yanki, zurfin, da rarrabawa a cikin ƙasa, tare da bayanai akan nau'in ƙasa da abun ciki na danshi da kuma yadda waɗannan masu canji ke canzawa akan lokaci.
Sabanin haka, tsarin gama gari don nazarin kaddarorin tushen, wanda ke tafiya ta hanyar moniker “shovelomics,” ya ƙunshi bai wuce felu da guga na ruwa ba kafin binciken tushe a cikin lab. Wu ya ce, "Hanyar aiki ce mai matukar wahala da rashin aiki don siffanta tushen tushe," in ji Wu. “Kuma da zarar kun tono tushen, kun gama. Ba za ku iya kallon canje-canje a kan lokaci ba. "
Wu ya fara gwajin farko a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Daga baya kuma zai yi gwajin gonaki tare da noman alkama tare da hadin gwiwa Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation. An kafa shi a Ardmore, Oklahoma, Gidauniyar Noble ita ce babbar cibiyar binciken aikin gona mai zaman kanta a cikin Amurka tare da fiye da kadada 13,500 na filayen noma suna gudanar da bincike don baiwa manoma da makiyaya damar haɓaka haɓakar yanki da kula da ƙasa.
Wu da tawagarsa kuma suna haɗin gwiwa tare da Subsurface Insights, ƙananan kasuwancin da ke mai da hankali kan haɓaka software don aikace-aikacen geophysical.
Manufar aikin ita ce haɓaka fasaha na tushen phenotyping na gaba mai zuwa wanda aka haɗa tare da ƙirar halittu don haɓaka kiwo na tushen tushen tushen tare da wasu halaye; misali, ingantacciyar juriyar yanayi da mafi kyawun juriya ga ƙarancin ruwa da ƙarancin yanayin taki. A ƙarshe, kayan aiki na iya taimakawa haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa yayin haɓaka shigar da carbon zuwa ƙasa.
Daga neutrons zuwa gamma haskoki zuwa gano carbon
A cikin aikin na biyu, wanda kuma aka ba da dala miliyan 2.3, masana kimiyyar lissafi na Berkeley Lab karkashin jagorancin Arun Persaud Accelerator Technology & Applied Physics (ATAP) Division zai gina wani kayan aiki don nazarin sunadarai na ƙasa, ba tare da damu da shi ba, ta hanyar watsawar neutron mara kyau. "Generator zai aika da neutrons zuwa cikin ƙasa," in ji Persaud. “Kowane neutron zai iya mayar da martani da atom a cikin ƙasa kuma ya haifar da gamma ray, wanda za mu iya gano saman ƙasa tare da na'urar gano gamma. Sannan mu auna kuzarin gamma, daga nan ne za ka iya gane wane irin zarra ne; carbon ko ƙarfe ko aluminum, misali.
A halin yanzu ana amfani da irin wannan fasaha a aikace-aikacen tsaro na gida, kamar gano abubuwan fashewa da sauran kayan da ke cikin kaya, kuma yanki ne na dogon lokaci na bincike a Lab na Berkeley.
Wim Leemans, darektan ATAP ya ce "Wannan fasaha za ta iya ba kawai auna yawan carbon da ke cikin ƙasa ba amma kuma za ta iya yin hakan tare da ƙudurin sararin samaniya na 'yan centimeters."
ersaud ya ce ba kamar fasahar zamani don nazarin kaddarorin ƙasa ba, ana iya amfani da wannan dabarar a fagen kuma tana iya auna sauye-sauye a sararin samaniya da lokaci ba tare da dagula ƙasa ba. Hanyoyi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da hako ma'aunin ƙasa da yin nazarin sinadarai a kansu a baya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda baya ba da izinin maimaita ma'aunin ƙasa ɗaya kuma baya aiki akan manyan wurare.
Tare da masanin kimiyyar ATAP Bernhard Ludewigt, Persaud zai yi aiki tare da Adelphi Technology Inc. don haɓaka janareta na neutron. Sakamakon tsarin zai iya ɗaukar nau'in kayan aikin hannu wanda ke ɗaukar ma'auni a cikin filin noma.
- Julie Chao, Jami'ar California
Source: Jami'ar California