Jose A. Egea 1*, Manuel Caro2, Jesús García-Brunton2, Jesus Gambin 3, José Egea 1 da David Ruiz 1*
- 1Rukunin Kiwon Yayan itace, Sashen Kiwon Shuka, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
- 2Cibiyar Murcia na Binciken Agri-Food Research and Development, Murcia, Spain
- 3Makarantar Kasuwancin ENAE, Jami'ar Murcia, Murcia, Spain
Samar da 'ya'yan itacen dutse yana da mahimmancin tattalin arziki a Spain. Wuraren noma na waɗannan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace (watau peach, apricot, plum, da ceri mai daɗi) sun mamaye wurare daban-daban na yanayin ƙasa a cikin ƙasar. Canjin yanayi ya riga ya haifar da haɓaka a matsakaita yanayin zafi tare da ƙarfi na musamman a wasu yankuna kamar na Bahar Rum. Wadannan canje-canje suna haifar da raguwa a cikin sanyin da aka tara, wanda zai iya yin tasiri mai zurfi akan phenology na Prunus nau'in nau'in 'ya'yan itace na dutse saboda, misali, matsalolin rufe buƙatun sanyi don karya yanayin sanyi, faruwar al'amuran sanyi na ƙarshen sanyi, ko matsanancin yanayin zafi da wuri. Duk waɗannan abubuwan na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da 'ya'yan itace da inganci don haka haifar da mummunan sakamako daga ra'ayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin yankuna masu tasowa. Saboda haka, halayyar halin yanzu namo yankunan cikin sharuddan agroclimatic m (misali, sanyi da zafi tarawa da yuwuwar sanyi da kuma farkon m zafi events), dangane da bayanai daga 270 weather tashoshi na da suka wuce shekaru 20, da za'ayi a cikin wannan aikin zuwa. samar da hoto mai bayani game da halin da ake ciki yanzu. Bayan haka, ana nazarin hasashen yanayi na gaba daga nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban na duniya (bayanan da aka samo daga Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Spain-AEMET) har zuwa 2065 don yanayin Tattalin Arziki na Wakilai guda biyu (watau RCP4.5 da RCP8.5). Yin amfani da halin da ake ciki yanzu a matsayin tushe da kuma yin la'akari da abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba, za a iya yin la'akari da bayanai game da halin yanzu da kuma na gaba don dacewa da dacewa da nau'o'in nau'i / nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban zuwa wurare daban-daban na girma. Wannan bayanin zai iya zama tushen kayan aikin tallafi na yanke shawara don taimakawa masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban don ɗaukar mafi kyawun yanke shawara game da 'ya'yan itacen dutse na yanzu da na gaba ko wasu nau'ikan noman yanayi a Spain.
Gabatarwa
Spain tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da 'ya'yan itacen dutse a duniya (watau peach, apricot, plum, da ceri mai daɗi) tare da matsakaicin samar da kusan tan miliyan 2 kowace shekara. Noman wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki a kasar, wanda ya kai kimanin hekta 140,260 (FAOSTAT, 2019). Babban wuraren girma a Spain don waɗannan cultivars suna cikin yankunan da ke da halaye daban-daban na agroclimatic: daga wurare masu dumi kamar Guadalquivir Valley da babban yanki na yankin Bahar Rum zuwa wuraren sanyi kamar arewacin Extremadura, kwarin Ebro, da wasu wurare na ciki na yankin Bahar Rum. (duba Figure 1). Tunda waɗannan amfanin gona suna buƙatar isassun sanyin hunturu don karya rashin ƙarfi don guje wa matsalolin samarwa (Atkinson et al., 2013)Campoy et al., 2011b; Luedeling et al., 2011; Luedling, 2012; Julian et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2015; 2019; Chmielewski et al., 2018), da (iv) zaɓi mafi kyawun ayyukan noma da fasaha don rage tasirin sauyin yanayi (Campoy et al., 2010; Mahmood et al., 2018).
Bukatun sanyi da zafi (Fadon et al., 2020b) ko matakin lalacewar sanyi (Miranda et al., 2005) na nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) don gina kayan aiki na yanke shawara wanda ke taimaka wa masu samarwa da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki don tsara manufofin samarwa da tattalin arziki mafi kyau na matsakaici da dogon lokaci. Akwai kayan aikin ƙirar ƙira don aiwatar da manyan jerin yanayi da abubuwan al'ajabi sun riga sun zama tushen gina kayan aikin yanke shawara da aka ambata a sama (Luedling, 2019; Luedeling et al., 2021; Miranda et al., 2021). Hasashen yanayi a tekun Bahar Rum ya nuna cewa illar dumamar yanayi na iya yin muni musamman a wannan yanki (Giorgi da Lionello, 2008; MedECC, 2020; IPCC, 2021), don haka matakan da ake tsammani suna da mahimmanci don kauce wa matsalolin samar da kayayyaki na gaba, wanda zai iya tasiri sosai ga tattalin arzikin wasu yankuna kamar waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin wannan binciken (Olesen da Bindi, 2002; Benmoussa et al., 2018).
Nazarin bincike daban-daban sun ƙaddara mummunan tasirin dumamar yanayi a kan samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu zafi da goro a yankuna daban-daban a fadin duniya. Babban dalilan suna da alaƙa da raguwar sanyin hunturu kodayake haɓakar haɗarin sanyi saboda ci gaban da ake tsammani na fure da fure ana la'akari da wasu binciken. Misali, Fernandez et al. an yi hasashen raguwar sanyin hunturu da ake buƙata don samar da 'ya'yan itacen marmari a Chile, tare da hasashen mummunan tasiri a yankunan arewacin ƙasar. A lokaci guda kuma, sun yi hasashen raguwar yuwuwar sanyi a lokacin mafi kyawun lokacin budburst don bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace ga duk wuraren da aka yi la'akari.Fernandez et al., 2020); Lorite et al. nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kamar rashin sanyin hunturu, haɗarin sanyi, da yanayin dumi yayin fure a cikin Tsibirin Iberian don wasu ciyayi na almond waɗanda ke haɗa hasashen yanayi da bayanan phenological. Sun gano cewa, a gaba ɗaya (kuma dangane da cultivar da aka yi la'akari da shi), (i) rashin sanyi na hunturu zai kasance mafi mahimmanci a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum da Guadalquivir Valley, (ii) yanayin dumi a lokacin flowering zai kasance mafi tsanani a tsakiyar tsakiya. Plateau da Ebro Valley, da (iii) haɗarin sanyi za a rage zuwa wasu yankuna na Arewacin Filato da Tudun Arewa (Lorite et al., 2020). Benmoussa et al. An yi hasashen raguwar sanyin hunturu a nan gaba a Tunisiya wanda zai iya tasiri sosai kan samar da wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa da goro. Alal misali, ga mafi ƙarancin yanayi, kawai ƙananan almond cultivars na iya zama mai yiwuwa. A wasu al'amuran, wasu nau'o'in pistachios da peach cultivars na iya zama mai amfani ko da a cikin dogon lokaci ga yankin Arewa maso Yamma na kasar (Benmoussa et al., 2020); Fraga da Santos sun yi la'akari da yanayin sanyi na gaba da tarin zafi da tasirinsu kan samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa daban-daban a Portugal. Sun yi hasashen raguwa mai ƙarfi a cikin sanyin hunturu wanda zai fi shafar manyan yankuna na ƙasar. Wuraren da ake noman tuffa na arewa za su fuskanci raguwar sanyi musamman. Marubutan sun kuma yi hasashen karuwar tarin zafi, tare da yin tasiri sosai a yankunan kudanci da gabar tekun kasar. Sun bayyana cewa wannan hujja na iya ƙara haɗarin lalacewar sanyi saboda ci gaban matakan phenological (Rodríguez et al., 2019, 2021; Fraga da Santos, 2021) idan aka kwatanta halin da ake ciki a yanzu na wuraren samar da wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa masu zafi a Spain tare da yanayin canjin yanayi na gaba game da tarin sanyi. Sun yi hasashen hasarar sanyi mai mahimmanci a wasu yankuna (misali, Kudu maso Gabas ko yankin Gualdalquivir) ko da nan gaba kadan. A nan gaba (> 2070), waɗannan marubutan sun bayyana cewa la'akari da wuraren girma na yanzu, plum, almond, da apple cultivars na iya zama mummunar tasiri ta rashin sanyi.Rodríguez et al., 2019, 2021).
A cikin wannan binciken, mun tantance manyan sauye-sauyen agroclimatic da ke da alaƙa da daidaitawar 'ya'yan itace a cikin yankuna daban-daban a cikin Spain, gami da waɗanda mafi mahimmancin samar da 'ya'yan itacen dutse ke faruwa ta amfani da bayanai daga tashoshin yanayi 270 a cikin lokacin 2000-2020. Wannan yana tare da hasashen yanayin zafi na gaba don ƙididdige yanayin sanyi da haɓakar yanayin zafi da kuma yuwuwar sanyi na gaba da abubuwan zafi na farko idan aka kwatanta da halin da ake ciki. Wannan bayanin na iya zama da amfani sosai don ɗaukar ingantattun shawarwari masu alaƙa da kafa sabbin gonakin noma, ƙaura na yanzu, ko zaɓin ingantattun ciyayi don samun riba a cikin dogon lokaci.
Babban gudunmawar wannan binciken shine mun yi nazari a lokaci guda daban-daban masu canjin yanayin agroclimatic da suka danganci daidaitawar 'ya'yan itace na dutse. Ba wai kawai tarin sanyi don cika CRs ba kamar yadda aka yi a cikin binciken ta Rodríguez et al. (2019, 2021) amma kuma tarin zafi don fure mai kyau, haɗarin sanyi, da madaidaicin ƙididdigewa da wuya a cikin wallafe-wallafe: yuwuwar abubuwan zafi mara kyau a cikin hunturu waɗanda zasu iya haɓaka sakin endodormancy tare da mummunan tasiri akan samar da 'ya'yan itace, inganci, da yawan amfanin ƙasa, kamar yadda ya kasance. lura a wurare masu dumi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Mun yi amfani da bayanai daga cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na tashoshin yanayi waɗanda ke ba da ingantattun ma'auni don halin da ake ciki yanzu. Mun mayar da hankali kan yankunan da ake samarwa na yanzu kamar yadda za a yanke shawara game da daidaitawar ɗumamar a waɗannan yankunan, inda fasahar da ta dace da ilimin ke da kyau. A irin waɗannan yankuna, ƙaura da amfanin gona zai haifar da illar zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin da ba a so da kuma rage yawan jama'a. Bugu da ari, don kwatanta halin da ake ciki yanzu, mun yi amfani da yanayin zafi na sa'o'i na gaske maimakon ƙididdiga, wanda ke ba da ƙarin daidaito ga sakamakon idan aka kwatanta da sauran nazarin inda yanayin zafi na sa'a ya kasance daga yau da kullum. Ƙaddamar da aka yi amfani da shi (~ 5 km) ya fi kyau fiye da sauran nazarin irin wannan a Spain (Rodríguez et al., 2019, 2021; Lorite et al., 2020) kuma yana taimakawa wajen yanke shawara ko da a matakin gida.
Kaya da matakai
Bayanan yanayi da kuma Agroclimatic Variables
Bayanan yanayi daga tashoshin yanayi 340 dake cikin manyan ƴaƴan itatuwan dutse a cikin Spain (duba Figure 1An yi amfani da su don tantance ma'aunin agroclimatic. Bayanai sun ƙunshi manyan sauye-sauyen yanayi, gami da ma'ana, matsakaicin, da mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki (°C), yanayin zafi (%), ruwan sama (mm), evapotranspiration (ETo, mm), da hasken rana (W/m)2). An sami cikakkun bayanai da batutuwa a wasu tashoshin da aka yi la'akari. Bayan amfani da ƙa'idodin Mutanen Espanya (UNE 500540, 2004), an zaɓi adadin ƙarshe na tashoshi 270. Bayanan zafin jiki na sa'o'i sun cika ban da sa'o'i maras komai daidai da abubuwan kulawa waɗanda ba a cika su ba kamar yadda suka ƙunshe da kashi mara kyau na jimillar. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na sa'o'i a cikin lokacin 2000-2020 an yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige manyan canjin yanayi, gami da sanyi da tarin zafi gami da yuwuwar sanyi mai cutarwa da yanayin zafi mara kyau a cikin hunturu. Yawan cikakkun shekaru a kowace tasha ya bambanta da tasha: daga shekaru 5 zuwa 21 (matsakaici = 20) ya danganta da tashar.
An ƙididdige tarin sanyi na kowace kakar daga ranar 1 ga Nuwamba har zuwa 28 ga Fabrairu na shekara mai zuwa. Utah (Richardson et al., 1974) da Dynamic (Fishman et al., 1987) an yi amfani da samfura don yin wannan lissafin. An ƙididdige tarin zafi na kowace kakar daga 1 ga Janairu zuwa 8 ga Afrilu (kusan makonni 14) ta amfani da Richardson (Richardson et al., 1974da Anderson (Anderson et al., 1986) samfura, waɗanda ke ba da sakamakon a cikin sa'o'in digiri na girma (GDHs). An ƙididdige yiwuwar sanyi da abubuwan zafi mara kyau a kowane mako kamar haka: kowane mako, yanayin sanyi yana faruwa idan yanayin zafi ya faɗi ƙasa -1 ° C a cikin akalla sa'o'i uku a jere. Sannan, yuwuwar faruwar abubuwan sanyi a cikin wani mako an ayyana shi azaman adadin lokutan da wannan makon ya sami aƙalla aukuwar sanyi guda ɗaya a lokacin binciken da aka raba da adadin shekarun da aka yi la'akari. Hakazalika, wani mummunan yanayin zafi yana faruwa idan yanayin zafi ya tashi sama da 25 ° C na akalla sa'o'i uku a jere. Sa'an nan, ana ƙididdige yiwuwar faruwar al'amuran zafi mara kyau kamar yadda aka bayyana don abubuwan sanyi. An fara mako na 1 a ranar 1 ga Janairu. Don abubuwan da suka faru na sanyi, makonni daga 2 zuwa 10 an dauki su azaman wakilcin makonni masu haɗari masu haɗari. Makonni na farko a cikin kewayon (watau mako na 2 zuwa mako na 5-6) zai kasance mafi haɗari a wurare masu zafi, yayin da sauran (watau makonni 5-6 zuwa mako 10) zasu kasance masu mahimmanci a wuraren sanyi. Don abubuwan da suka faru na zafi mara kyau, lokacin da aka yi la'akari ya tashi daga mako na 49 na shekarar da ta gabata (farawar Disamba) zuwa 8 (ƙarshen Fabrairu) lokacin da waɗannan abubuwan zasu iya haɓaka sakin bacci na farko da ke da alaƙa da matsalolin samarwa daga baya.
Al'amuran gaba
Game da yanayi na gaba, an yi amfani da hasashen yanayin zafin da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Jihar Sipaniya (AEMET) ta ƙidaya. AEMET ta kasance tana samarwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan jerin abubuwan da ke nuna raguwar hasashen canjin yanayi a kan Spain ko dai yin amfani da dabarun rage kididdigar ƙididdiga ga samfuran yanayin yanayin duniya (GCMs) ko yin amfani da bayanan da aka samar ta hanyar fasahohin rage ƙarfi ta hanyar ayyukan Turai ko shirye-shiryen duniya. kamar PRUDENCE, ENSEMBLES, da EURO-CORDEX (Amblar-Francés et al., 2018). A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi amfani da hasashen yanayin zafi na yau da kullun (watau matsakaici da ƙarami) ta amfani da raguwar ƙididdiga dangane da hanyoyin sadarwa na wucin gadi. An ƙididdige wannan a matsayin hanya mai dacewa don samar da hasashen yanayi a halin yanzu da na gaba a Spain yayin da aka rage ra'ayin GCMs (Hernanz et al., 2022a,b) sama da grid na ƙudurin kilomita 5. An yi la'akari da sa'o'i biyu na ɗan lokaci, wato, 2025-2045 (wanda aka kwatanta da 2035) da 2045-2065 (wanda aka kwatanta da 2055) don samar da sakamako na gajere da matsakaici. Hanyoyi biyu na wakilci, watau, RCP4.5 da RCP8.5, an yi la'akari da su (Van Vuuren et al., 2011). Abin lura, an yi amfani da GCM goma sha ɗaya a cikin wannan binciken (Table 1). An gabatar da sakamako ta amfani da wani gungu hanya (Semenov da Stratonovich, 2010; Wallach et al., 2018) inda aka yi amfani da matsakaitan kimar ma'aunin da aka yi hasashe (misali, sanyi da tara zafi ko yuwuwar) waɗanda aka ƙididdige su ta duk samfuran a matakai na gaba. Yanayin zafi na sa'o'i don ƙididdige ma'aunin agroclimatic an daidaita shi daga na yau da kullun ta amfani da kunshin chillR (Luedling, 2019).
Table 1
TABLE 1. Jerin samfuran yanayi na duniya da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken.
Don kwatanta sauye-sauyen agroclimatic a cikin al'amuran yanzu da na gaba, an kwatanta ainihin wuraren tashoshin yanayi tare da mafi kusancin wuraren su daga grid. Matsakaicin, mafi ƙanƙanta, da matsakaicin nisa daga tashoshin yanayi zuwa wuraren da suke kusa a cikin grid sun kasance 3.87, 0.26, da 2.14km, bi da bi. A cikin kowane yanayi (yanayi na yanzu da na gaba), an ƙididdige yanki mai tsaka-tsaki a kusa da tashoshin yanayin da aka yi la'akari (watau, wanda bai wuce nisan kilomita 50 daga tashar yanayi mafi kusa ba) ta hanyar amfani da hanyar auna nauyi mai juzu'i.
results
Rarraba Taruwa
Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, an yi amfani da ƙira biyu don ƙididdige tarin sanyi, wato Utah (a cikin raka'o'in sanyi) da ƙirar Dynamic (a cikin yanki). Yin amfani da ma'auni na jimlar sanyin da aka tara a cikin duka tsawon lokaci na duk tashoshi, an sami alaƙa mai girma tsakanin maƙallan biyun (R2 = 0.95, Karin Hoto 1). Saboda haka, ana gabatar da sakamako ta amfani da ɗaya kawai daga cikinsu (kashi). Figure 2 yana nuna yanayin sararin samaniya na tsaka-tsakin sanyi a cikin lokuta daban-daban. A halin da ake ciki yanzu, zamu iya ganin cewa akwai yankuna da dama da ke da tarin sanyi (≥75), kamar kwarin Ebro, arewacin Extremadura, da wasu yankuna na ciki a cikin Bahar Rum. Kawai a cikin Bahar Rum da Guadalquivir Valley, ana samun wurare masu dumi tare da tarin sanyi a ƙasa da kashi 60 (har ma da ƙasa da 50 a wasu keɓaɓɓun wurare). Abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba sun nuna raguwar sanyi da aka tara a wurare masu zafi, a arewacin Extremadura da wasu yankunan ciki na Bahar Rum. Za a samar da raguwar sanyin da aka tara a cikin kwarin Ebro a gabashin yankin, yayin da ciki zai tara tsananin sanyin hunturu har ma a cikin yanayin da ba shi da kyau (misali, 2055_RCP8.5). Sakamakon dumamar yanayi a kan raguwar sanyin hunturu ya fi tsanani a cikin yanayin 2055_RCP8.5 kamar yadda aka zata. Ƙarin Tables 1-4 nuna ma'anar sanyi a cikin lokacin da aka yi la'akari (1 ga Nuwamba zuwa ƙarshen Fabrairu) a cikin yanki don duk wurare da ƙira a cikin kowane yanayin da aka yi la'akari a gaba. Ana nuna ma'anar ƙimar samfuran samfuran goma sha ɗaya, da kuma sanyin da aka yi rajista don lokacin 2000-2020 don dalilai kwatanta.
Figure 2
FIGURE 2. Ƙunƙarar sanyi a cikin manyan wuraren samar da dutse a Spain don halin da ake ciki yanzu (kimanin 2000-2020), yanayi na lokaci biyu (2025-2045 da 2045-2065) da kuma yanayi biyu na gaba (RCP4.5 da RCP8.5).
Don bincika idan raguwar tarin sanyin da ake sa ran zai sami irin wannan tasiri akan wuraren da ya danganta da tarin sanyin da suke yi a halin yanzu, an yi rarrabuwa na tashoshin yanayi 270, ana rarraba su cikin ma'anar ma'anar tarawa a cikin yanayin halin yanzu: ƙananan tarawa (< 60 sassa, 34 tashoshi), matsakaici tara (tsakanin 60 da 80 rabo, 121 tashoshi), da kuma babban jari (sama da 80 rabo, 115 tashoshi). Figure 3 yana nuna maƙallan akwatin da aka tara a cikin kowane yanayi don nau'ikan wurare guda uku. Faɗuwar tarin sanyi da aka gani ana sa ran bisa ga kowane yanayi. Dangane da bambance-bambancen ma'auni na tsaka-tsaki tsakanin yanayin halin yanzu da na gaba, da alama nau'ikan wurare guda uku suna gabatar da ɗabi'a iri ɗaya (wanda ke nufin cewa asarar kashi ya fi girma a cikin ƙananan tarawa). Duk da haka, yaduwar bayanan ya bambanta sosai. Ƙananan wuraren tara sanyi da ƙananan sanyi suna nuna ƙananan tarwatsewa (tare da wasu masu fita a cikin ƙananan ƙarshen rarraba) fiye da wurare masu matsakaici, waɗanda ke ba da tarwatsawa mafi girma amma babu masu fita. Binciken waɗannan abubuwan waje don manyan wuraren tara sanyi ya nuna cewa mafificin dukkan al'amura huɗun nan gaba sun yi daidai da wurin da ke cikin Bahar Rum (Játiva). Don ƙananan wuraren tara sanyi, mafifici a kowane yanayi (ciki har da yanayin halin yanzu) ya yi daidai da wurin da ke bakin tekun Bahar Rum (Almería). Abubuwan da ke fitowa don babban ƙarshen rarrabawa a cikin ƙananan tarawar sanyi sun dace da wurare na ciki a cikin Bahar Rum (watau Montesa, Callosa de Sarriá, da Murcia) ko da yake za su iya zama kayan tarihi tun lokacin da tsinkaya ya yi hasashe ƙarin sanyi a nan gaba fiye da na yanzu. labari. Ana iya haifar da su saboda yuwuwar bambance-bambancen yanayi tsakanin ainihin wurin tashoshin yanayi da mafi kusancin wurin su a cikin grid don tsinkayar nan gaba.
Figure 3
FIGURE 3. Shirye-shiryen kwalaye na sanyin da aka tara a duk yanayin ƙasa (<60 kashi), matsakaici (tsakanin kashi 60 da 80), da babban (> kashi 80) wuraren tattara sanyi, koma ga yanayin halin yanzu.
Tarin zafi
An ƙididdige tara zafi ta amfani da ƙira biyu (watau Richardson da kuma ƙirar Anderson) kamar yadda ake tarawa sanyi. An kuma sami babban alaƙa tsakanin sakamakon waɗannan samfuran biyu (R2 = 0.998, Karin Hoto 2). Sabili da haka, ana gabatar da sakamakon ta amfani da sakamakon samfurin Anderson kawai. Figure 4 yana nuna yanayin sararin samaniya na ma'ana GDH akan lokuta daban-daban da aka yi la'akari. Duk al'amuran da suka shafi GDH da alama suna da alaƙa da madaidaicin yanayin tarin sanyi (Figure 2). Wuraren da tarin sanyi ya yi ƙanƙanta suna da tarin zafi mai zafi da akasin haka. Yayin da tarin sanyi ke raguwa a yanayi na gaba, tarin zafi yana ƙaruwa daidai gwargwado a kowane yanki. Misali, ma'aunin daidaitawar Pearson tsakanin ɓataccen tarin sanyi da kuma yawan zafin da aka samu don halin yanzu da yanayin 2055_RCP8.5 shine 0.68 (p- darajar <1e-15).
Figure 4
FIGURE 4. Ƙunƙarar zafi a cikin manyan wuraren samar da dutse a Spain don halin da ake ciki yanzu (kimanin 2000-2020), yanayi na lokaci biyu (2025-2045 da 2045-2065) da kuma al'amuran gaba guda biyu (RCP4.5 da RCP8.5)
Kamar a cikin yanayin tarin sanyi, tasirin karuwar GDH ya fi tsanani a cikin yanayin 2055_RCP8.5 kamar yadda aka zata. Ƙarin Tables 5-8 nuna ma'anar tarin zafi a cikin lokacin da aka yi la'akari (1 ga Janairu-8 ga Afrilu) a cikin GDH don duk wurare da ƙira a cikin kowane yanayin da aka yi la'akari. An nuna ma'anar ƙimar abubuwan da aka fitar na samfuran goma sha ɗaya, da kuma yawan zafin da aka yi rajista don lokacin 2000-2020 don dalilai kwatanta.
Ƙimar sanyi da Haɗuwa da Haɗuwa Haɗuwa
Yiwuwar abubuwan sanyi kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama an nuna a ciki Figure 5 kwatanta makonni 2-10 don halin yanzu da 2035_RCP4.5 da 2055_RCP8.5 yanayi (yiwuwar kawai ≥ 10%). A halin da ake ciki yanzu, an rubuta mahimman yuwuwar abubuwan sanyi musamman a yankunan kwarin Ebro amma har da arewacin Extremadura da yankunan ciki na Bahar Rum. Yiwuwar sanyi yana raguwa daga makonni 2 zuwa 10 kamar yadda ake tsammani, amma wasu takamaiman wurare a cikin kwarin Ebro har yanzu suna ba da yuwuwar sanyi a mako na 10. An bincika al'amuran gaba a cikin Figure 5 sune mafi kyawu (watau 2035_RCP4.5) da kuma rashin bege (watau 2055_RCP8.5), bi da bi, dangane da hauhawar zafin jiki. Yiwuwar abubuwan sanyi sun ɓace daga Extremadura kuma suna raguwa a duk yankuna, yayin da kawai rage yankuna na kwarin Ebro da wasu keɓaɓɓun wurare a cikin Bahar Rum suna nuna yiwuwar sama da 10% har ma a cikin mako 10. Kamar a halin yanzu, yiwuwar sanyi ya ragu daga makonni 2 zuwa 10. Abin mamaki, 2035_RCP4.5 da 2055_RCP8.5 al'amuran gabatar da irin wannan hotuna cikin sharuddan yuwuwar sanyi aukuwa, bayyana cewa Ebro Valley da wasu ciki Rum wurare za su sha sanyi events a duk la'akari al'amura.
Figure 5
FIGURE 5. Yiwuwar abubuwan sanyi a cikin manyan wuraren samar da dutse a Spain na makonni 2 zuwa 10 don yanayin halin yanzu, 2035_RCP4.5 da 2055_RCP8.5.
Tattaunawa da Kammalawa
Wannan binciken yayi ƙoƙari ya kwatanta manyan 'ya'yan itatuwan dutse masu samar da yankunan Spain ta amfani da bayanan agroclimatic na tarihi (musamman yanayin zafi) daga tashoshin yanayi na 270 da aka yada a ko'ina cikin irin waɗannan yankuna kuma kwatanta sakamakon tare da tsinkaya a nan gaba a cikin lokaci biyu da kuma yanayin RCP. An zaɓi wuraren binciken bisa ga gaskiyar cewa yanke shawara na yanzu da na gaba da za a yanke game da noman 'ya'yan itacen dutse (watau peach, apricot, plum, da ceri mai daɗi) za a fi ɗauka a cikin wuraren da ake samarwa na yanzu, inda ilimi fasahar shuka waɗannan amfanin gona an girka sosai. Don haka, wannan binciken baya mayar da hankali kan wasu wurare masu yuwuwa a nan gaba don noman 'ya'yan itacen dutse.
Babban abubuwan da aka lissafta, watau sanyi da tara zafi, sun bayyana cewa wuraren da aka yi la'akari da su sun bambanta sosai daga mahangar aikin gona kuma canjin yanayi zai yi tasiri mai mahimmanci, musamman ma a wurare masu zafi ko da a matsakaicin lokaci. Samfuran da aka yi amfani da su don ƙididdige ɗayansu (watau Utah da Dynamic don sanyi da Richardson da Anderson don tara zafi) suna nuna alaƙa mai girma kamar yadda aka samu a baya. Ruiz et al. (2007, 2018).
Ana hasashen raguwar tattarawar sanyi mai mahimmanci a duk yankuna, wanda ya yarda da binciken da aka yi a baya a yankunan Bahar Rum (Benmoussa et al., 2018, 2020; Rodríguez et al., 2019; Delgado et al., 2021; Fraga da Santos, 2021). Rage yawan sanyi zai kasance iri ɗaya a cikin cikakkun dabi'u a duk yankuna da aka yi nazari, amma mafi zafi (watau yankin Rum da Guadalquivir Valley) na iya zama mafi tasiri dangane da haɓakar 'ya'yan itacen dutse tun lokacin da halin da suke ciki ya riga ya iyakance ga. yawancin cultivars. A wuraren sanyi kamar kwarin Ebro da Extremadura, raguwar tarin sanyi ba zai zama cikas ga ci gaba da noma ba, ko da yake a wasu wurare masu sanyi na Extremadura da Bahar Rum, raguwar tarin sanyi zai fi tsanani fiye da sauran wuraren sanyi. Shi ne a lura da cewa, bisa ga Figure 3, ana ganin raguwar sanyi kwatsam tsakanin yanayin da ake ciki da kuma nan gaba. Ƙaddamar da grid ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi, ko da lafiya (~ 5 km) na iya zama sanadin wannan tasirin. Sauran hanyoyin da za su iya haifar da bambance-bambancen da ke haifar da bambance-bambancen bambance-bambance tsakanin abubuwan da aka zayyana da ainihin ƙima na iya zama ragowar ƙirar GCM ba a rage su gaba ɗaya ba yayin aiwatar da raguwa, ko kuma gaskiyar cewa muna kwatanta lissafin da aka gudanar tare da yanayin yanayin sa'a na gaske (watau halin yanzu). labari) da lissafin da aka yi tare da ingantattun madaidaitan yanayin zafi da aka samo daga mafi girman matsakaicin yau da kullun da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi (linvill, 1990) don al'amuran gaba. Rodríguez et al., wanda ya yi hasashen raguwar raguwar har zuwa kashi 30 na sanyi na lokacin 2021-2050 a wasu wurare a Spain (XNUMX-XNUMX).Rodríguez et al., 2019), wanda ya yarda da sakamakon mu. Benmoussa et al. (2020), Delgado et al. (2021), Da kuma Fraga da Santos (2021) Hakanan ya ba da rahoton faduwa kwatsam tsakanin abubuwan tarihi da na gaba a Tunisia, Portugal, da Asturia (Arewacin Spain), bi da bi. Kamar a cikin yanayinmu, waɗannan binciken kuma sun nuna cewa babu wani muhimmin bambance-bambance don tarin sanyi ya bayyana a nan gaba ba tare da la'akari da RCP ba. Sabanin yanayin sanyi, tarin zafi zai tashi a duk yanayin yanayi (musamman a cikin 2055_RCP8.5 kamar yadda aka zata), kuma juyin halittarsa ya saba wa wannan na sanyi. Wannan kuma ya lura da shi Fraga da Santos (2021) don Burtaniya.
Yiwuwar sanyi da abubuwan zafi na ban mamaki a cikin makonni inda za su iya tasiri mahimmancin amfanin gona da samarwa (misali, ƙarshen sanyi ko abubuwan da suka faru na zafi na rashin daidaituwa kafin fitowar rashin ƙarfi) suma. Don yanayin halin yanzu, abubuwan sanyi sun fi yawa a wuraren sanyi, kamar yadda aka zata. Abubuwan da ba a saba da su na zafi ba a cikin makwanni masu mahimmanci an tattara su a yankin Tekun Bahar Rum a cikin shekarun da suka gabata amma tare da ƙarancin yuwuwar. Ƙididdiga na gaba don waɗannan masu canji sun nuna cewa abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sanyi a cikin makonni inda za a iya shafar samar da 'ya'yan itace na dutse (Miranda et al., 2005; Julian et al., 2007) zai ragu yayin da karni ya ci gaba kuma zai zama ƙasa da yawa don RCP8.5, wanda ya yarda da binciken da ya gabata (Leolini et al., 2018). Duk da haka, wasu yankuna na kwarin Ebro da wasu wurare na ciki na yankunan Bahar Rum har yanzu za su fuskanci adadi mai yawa na abubuwan sanyi a cikin makonni masu zuwa ko da a mafi kyawun yanayi (watau 2055_RCP8.5, Figure 5). Ma'anar abin da ya faru na sanyi dangane da yanayin zafi da lokacin bayyanarwa yana da alaƙa da kusanci da matakin phenological na cultivar mai ci (Miranda et al., 2005). Idan aka ba da babban iri-iri na yuwuwar 'ya'yan itacen itacen dutse, daga ƙasa kaɗan zuwa CR sosai, da adadin wuraren da aka bincika, daga sanyi zuwa dumi, kafa takamaiman ma'anar taron cultivar / wurin sanyi ba zai yuwu a cikin wannan binciken ba saboda girman girman bayanan da ke ciki. Ana gudanar da waɗannan nau'ikan karatun ta amfani da ƴan wurare da/ko cultivars, kamar wanda aka yi Lorite et al. (2020) ga almonds a Spain, Fernandez et al. (2020) a Chile, wanda ya ƙididdige mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi ƙasa da 0 ° C a lokacin lokacin fure na mafi yawan nau'in itacen itacen marmari waɗanda aka noma a kowane rukunin wuraren da aka yi la'akari da su tara, ko Parker et al. (2021) wanda yayi la'akari daban-daban yanayin zafi da matakan phenological ga nau'ikan nau'ikan uku (watau almonds, avocados, da lemu) amma kuma ya aiwatar da yanayin gaba ɗaya ta wurin la'akari da yanayin zafi uku (0, -2, da +2°C) da lokacin bayyanarwa. Zaɓin mu na −1°C kuma aƙalla sa'o'i uku a jere yana da nufin siffanta juyin halittar sanyin al'amuran maimakon alaƙa da takamaiman lalacewa ga wasu cultivars, wanda zai ɗauka wani bincike daban. Anyi amfani da wannan ma'anar bayan dawo da ra'ayoyin masana. Saboda yawan adadin cultivars dangane da CR da HR da kuma bambancin tsarin zafin jiki a cikin yankunan da aka yi la'akari a cikin wannan binciken, mun zaɓi waɗannan makonni (daga 2 zuwa 10) inda duk (ko mafi yawan) haɗuwa na cultivar / wuri zai iya zama. mai saukin kamuwa da jurewa lalacewar sanyi bisa ga matakin phenological. Don dalilai na yanke shawara, masu samarwa yakamata su zaɓi taswirar da ta fi dacewa da yanayin su (watau shuka/wuri) don yanke shawara mafi kyau. Gabaɗaya, wurare masu dumi da/ko farkon furanni za su kasance masu alaƙa da makonni na farko a cikin kewayon da aka yi la'akari, yayin da wuraren sanyi da/ko cultivars na ƙarshen fure za su kasance da alaƙa da makonni masu zuwa a cikin kewayon da aka yi la'akari. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na zafi mara kyau a cikin hunturu waɗanda zasu iya haɓaka sakin haɓakawa da wuri, wanda ke yin mummunan tasiri akan samarwa (Viti da Monteleone, 1995; Rodrigo da Herrero, 2002; Ladwig et al., 2019), za a ƙara musamman a kwarin Guadalquivir, yankunan Bahar Rum, da kuma a Extremadura da wasu yankunan kwarin Ebro a tsakiyar ko ƙarshen Fabrairu (Figure 6). Ƙididdigar wannan ma'auni yawanci ba a magana a cikin wallafe-wallafen amma yana iya haifar da muhimman batutuwan samarwa a wurare masu zafi kamar yadda aka gani a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Bugu da ƙari, saita yanayin zafin jiki na 25 ° C ko sama na akalla sa'o'i uku a jere don ayyana irin wannan taron ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin masana. Hakazalika tare da yuwuwar abubuwan sanyi, mun zaɓi waɗannan makonni (daga 49 zuwa 8) inda duk (ko mafi yawan) haɗin cultivar/wuri zai iya zama mai saurin kamuwa da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru bisa ga matakin phenological. Gabaɗaya, wurare masu dumi da/ko farkon furanni za su kasance masu alaƙa da makonni na farko a cikin kewayon da aka yi la'akari, yayin da wuraren sanyi da/ko cultivars na ƙarshen fure za su kasance da alaƙa da makonni masu zuwa a cikin kewayon da aka yi la'akari.
Ma'aunin agroclimatic da aka lissafta a cikin wannan binciken yana ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci ga masu samarwa don zaɓar mafi dacewa cultivars a kowane yanki mai samarwa daga mahangar daidaitawa. Kowane cultivar yana da CRs don karya endodormancy (Campoy et al., 2011b; Fadon et al., 2020b). Rushewar tarin sanyi kamar yadda aka yi hasashe a al'amuran gaba na iya haifar da cewa a halin yanzu cultivars masu girma ba su cika CR a wasu yankuna ba, musamman na Bahar Rum da Guadalquivir Valley, waɗanda ke da dumi. Wannan zai ƙunshi sakin da ba a cika ba wanda ke shafar itatuwan 'ya'yan itace a cikin manyan abubuwa guda uku, wato, furen furen fure (da haka furen fure mara kyau), jinkirta fure da tsiro, da rashin daidaituwa a cikin matakai biyu, waɗanda ke haifar da manyan matsaloli masu amfani.Legave et al., 1983; Erez, 2000; Atkinson et al., 2013). Duk waɗannan na iya haifar da asarar tattalin arziki mai mahimmanci ga masu samarwa. A cikin wannan mahallin, ilimi game da CR don nau'ikan iri daban-daban yana da mahimmanci ko da yake bayanan da ake samu a halin yanzu ba su da yawa a cikin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace na dutse (Fadon et al., 2020b), ciki har da peach (Maulión et al., 2014apricot (Ruiz et al., 2007plum (Ruiz et al., 2018), da kuma ceri mai dadi (Alburquerque et al., 2008).
A cikin wurare masu dumi kamar Bahar Rum da Guadalquivir Valley, inda sanyin da aka tara ke ƙasa da kashi 60 a halin da ake ciki yanzu, ana shuka ciyayi na farko tare da CR tsakanin kashi 30 zuwa 60. Cikawar CR don waɗannan cultivars na iya zama cikin haɗari a cikin duk abubuwan da aka bincika a nan gaba (Figure 2). Don tabbatar da daidaitaccen dacewa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan / Crown zuwa waɗannan wuraren, ana iya buƙatar siyarwa don rufe wuraren (bangarorin ciki a cikin yankin Rediterranean na Bahar Rum) inda CR zai cika ko da a cikin al'amuran gaba, kuma ana sa ran haɗarin sanyi zai ragu. A cikin wannan mahallin, gabatarwa ko haɓaka cultivars tare da ƙarancin CR ya zama manufa mai mahimmanci da za a yi la'akari da shi a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwo na nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i) zai kasance cikin haɗari a nan gaba. al'amuran. In ba haka ba, waɗannan yankuna ba za su iya ci gaba da bunƙasa ayyukansu na tattalin arziki da suka shafi samar da 'ya'yan itacen dutse ba. Baya ga wannan, ana kuma iya amfani da dabarun aikin gona da dabaru daban-daban don rage raguwar raguwar tari a waɗannan yankuna aƙalla a cikin gida. Aikace-aikacen bio-stimulants don karya endodormancy kafin cika CR ko amfani da tarun shading yayin matakan dormancy daban-daban an riga an bayyana su a cikin wuraren dumi don samar da 'ya'yan itace na dutse.Gilreath da Buchanan, 1981; Erez, 1987; Costa et al., 2004; Campoy et al., 2010; Petri et al., 2014), ko da yake dole ne a gudanar da ƙarin bincike da ingantawa don inganta waɗannan fasahohin da kuma inganta amfani da su na yau da kullum. Sabanin haka, a cikin wuraren samar da sanyi mafi sanyi kamar kwarin Ebro, arewacin Extremadura, da wasu wurare na ciki a cikin yankin Bahar Rum, ana sa ran abubuwan sanyi kaɗan, wanda zai iya ba da damar cultivars na farko fiye da na yanzu, wanda zai faɗaɗa yawan cultivars masu dacewa kuma, don haka, tayin ga kasuwa tare da kyakkyawan sakamako na tattalin arziki ga yankin. Gabaɗaya, a duk wuraren da ake samarwa, yana da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da ciyawar da aka noma a halin yanzu da yin nazari waɗanda ke gefen cikar CR ɗin su don maye gurbin su ko motsa su ko gabatar da ayyukan gudanarwa da aka bayyana a sama don tabbatar da daidaitawa ga sabon canjin yanayi. al'amuran.
Game da tarin zafi, abubuwan da za su faru nan gaba suna hasashen haɓakar wannan canjin a duk wuraren da aka yi la'akari (Figure 4). A cikin wurare masu dumi da tsaka-tsaki, wannan madaidaicin ba shi da mahimmanci kamar tarin sanyi amma yana iya samun tasiri mai dacewa akan phenology, yana samar da ci gaba a cikin kwanakin furanni kuma don haka yana ƙara haɗarin raunin sanyi (Mosedale et al., 2015; Unterberger et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2019). A matsayin ƙarin batu, wannan ci gaban furanni zai ƙunshi ci gaba mai girma kuma (Peñuelas da Filella, 2001; Campoy et al., 2011b), wanda dole ne a yi la'akari da masu kera don sanya kayansu bisa dabaru a kasuwanni. Sabanin haka, a cikin wuraren sanyi, rashin tarin zafi a cikin halin da ake ciki na iya cutar da ci gaban phenological da ci gaban 'ya'yan itace (Fadon et al., 2020a). Waɗannan wurare masu sanyi a halin yanzu za a fifita su ta hanyar hasashen haɓakar zafi don al'amuran gaba. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Figure 6, Abubuwan da ba a saba da su na zafi ba za su kasance akai-akai a cikin al'amuran da suka faru a nan gaba a kwanakin da bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace ba su fito da endodormancy ba, musamman a wurare masu dumi kamar kwarin Guadalquivir da wurare na Rum. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri lokacin da aka rufe CR (kusan 60-70%), haifar da sakin da ba a cika ba wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin ciyayi da furanni, tare da mummunan tasiri akan saitin 'ya'yan itace da yawan amfanin ƙasa.Rodrigo da Herrero, 2002; Campoy et al., 2011).
A kowane hali, canje-canje a cikin yanayin sanyi da tsarin tara zafi ba su da tasiri na gama gari akan duk cultivars da wuraren su tunda wasu tasirin ramuwa na iya faruwa game da ma'auni na sanyi / tarin zafi dangane da sakin endodormancy ko hasashen kwanakin furanni (Paparoma et al., 2014). Bayan haka, yanayin yanayin agroclimatic na wurare a sikelin gida na iya buƙatar ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga na bayanai saboda bambancin sararin samaniya (Lorite et al., 2020) don yanke shawara mafi kyau game da mafi kyawun zaɓin cultivar. Sakamakon da aka gabatar a cikin wannan binciken zai iya zama da amfani ba kawai don samar da 'ya'yan itace na dutse ba har ma da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa masu zafi masu mahimmanci a cikin yankunan da ke aiki, misali, inabi a La Rioja (Ebro Valley) ko wasu. Waɗannan sakamakon na iya zama tushen tsarin tallafi na yanke shawara don taimaka wa masu samarwa wajen yanke shawara mafi kyau (misali, zaɓin ciyayi, ƙaura, da aiwatar da ayyukan gudanarwa na ragewa) a matsakaita da dogon lokaci.
Bayanin Samun Bayanai
Gudunmawar asali da aka gabatar a cikin binciken an haɗa su a cikin labarin /Karin kayan, ana iya yin ƙarin tambayoyi ga marubutan da suka dace.
Marubucin Mataimaki
MC, JG-B, JG, da DR sun ɗauki ciki kuma suka tsara binciken. MC ya ba da bayanan agroclimatic don yanayin halin yanzu. JAE ta yi lissafin don al'amuran gaba. JAE da DR sun rubuta babban ɓangaren rubutun. JE ya ba da bayani game da fasahohin agronomic na fasaha. JG ya gudanar da aikin ƙirƙira wanda ya ba da kuɗin wannan binciken. Duk marubutan sun sake bitar takardar kuma sun amince da sigar da aka ƙaddamar.
kudade
Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Kamun kifi da Abinci ta Spain ta ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar Innovation Project "Kwantar da sashin 'ya'yan itace ga canjin yanayi" (REF: MAPA-PNDR 20190020007385) kuma ta PRIMA, shirin da aka goyan baya a ƙarƙashin H2020, Tsarin Tarayyar Turai shirin don bincike da ƙididdigewa (aikin "AdaMedOr"; lambar bayar da lambar PCI2020-112113 na Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Ƙirƙirar Mutanen Espanya).
Rikici na Interest
Mawallafa sun bayyana cewa an gudanar da binciken ne a cikin babu wata kasuwanci ko kudi da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin mai rikici na sha'awa.
Editan Edita
Duk da'awar da aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin na marubuta ne kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su wakilci na ƙungiyoyin da suke da alaƙa, ko na mawallafi, masu gyara da masu dubawa. Duk wani samfurin da za a iya kimantawa a cikin wannan labarin, ko da'awar da ƙila mai ƙila ya yi, mai wallafa ba shi da garantin ko ya amince da shi.
Acknowledgments
Muna godiya ga dukkan membobin kungiyar Ayyukan Mutanen Espanya "Adaptation na dutsen 'ya'yan itace zuwa canjin yanayi" (FECOAM, FECOAV, ANECOOP, Frutaria, Basol Fruits, Fundación Universidad-Empresa de la Región de Murcia, Fundación Cajamar) don gudunmawar da suka bayar ga ci gaban aikin. Mun gode wa AEMET don bayanan da ke akwai akan shafin yanar gizonta (http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/cambio_climat/datos_diarios).
Karin kayan
Ƙarin Maganin wannan labarin za a iya samu a kan layi a: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.842628/full#supplementary-material
Ƙarin Hoto 1 | Daidaita tsakanin madaidaicin tara rabo da raka'a sanyi don yanayin halin yanzu a duk tashoshin yanayi.
Ƙarin Hoto 2 | Daidaita tsakanin ma'anar tara GDH don ƙirar Anderson da Richardson don yanayin halin yanzu a duk tashoshin yanayi.
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keywords: Prunus, 'Ya'yan itacen dutse, daidaitawa, tara sanyi, phenology, haɗarin sanyi, zaɓi iri-iri, ma'aunin agroclimatic
Kira: Egea JA, Caro M, García-Brunton J, Gambín J, Egea J da Ruiz D (2022) Ma'auni na Agroclimatic don Babban Yankunan Samar da 'ya'yan itace a Spain a cikin Yanayin Canjin Yanayi na Yanzu da Nan gaba: Mahimmanci Daga Madaidaicin Ra'ayi. Gaba. Shuka Sci. 13:842628. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.842628
An samu: 23 Disamba 2021; An karɓa: 02 Mayu 2022;
Buga: 08 Yuni 2022.
Edited by:Hisayo Yamane, Jami'ar Kyoto, Japan
Duba by:Liang Guo, Northwest A&F University, China
Kirti Rajagopalan, Jami'ar Jihar Washington, Amurka
Copyright © 2022 Egea, Caro, García-Brunton, Gambin, Egea da Ruiz. Wannan labarin buɗe ido ne wanda aka rarraba ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Ƙirƙashin Lasisin Haɓaka na Creative Commons (CC BY). An yi amfani da amfani, rarraba ko haifuwa a cikin sauran zangon, idan aka ba da mawallafi na ainihi da mai mallakar mallaka (s) da kuma cewa asalin da aka buga a wannan mujallar ana nunawa, bisa ga ka'idar da aka yarda. Ba'a amfani da amfani, rarraba ko haifuwa wanda ba ya bi waɗannan sharuɗɗa.
* Lissafi: Jose A. Egea, jaegea@cebas.csic.es; David Ruiz, druiz@cebas.csic.es
Tushe: https://www.frontiersin.org