Gwajin farko na Dyson Farming da Groundswell Agronomy suna nuna yadda wahalar noman dankalin turawa tare da noman sifili na iya zama kasuwanci.
Amma kula da amfanin gonakin dankalin turawa tare da raguwar noma, ba noman sifili ba, yayin da rungumar wasu ka'idojin aikin noma na sake haɓaka yana nuna ƙarin alkawari.
Dyson Farming yana ƙara matsawa zuwa raguwar noma a cikin sauran amfanin gona a fadin gonarsa - an rage noman noma da kashi 60 cikin ɗari a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, tare da kashi 45% na yankin yana da murfin ko kama amfanin gona a kowace kakar, amma dankali shine maƙasudin mannewa. Tom Storr na kamfanin ya ce.
Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don samar da dankalin turawa zai taimaka masa ya kula da ci gaban ƙasa sakamakon waɗannan canje-canjen, yayin da mai yiwuwa kuma zai rage farashi da bude noman dankalin turawa zuwa ƙasa inda ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu, kamar ƙasa mai zafi.
Gwaji na farko a cikin yanayi biyu da suka gabata an yi niyya akan dankalin da ba a kai ba, tare da dankali iri 120 da aka dasa a ƙarƙashin bambaro a cikin 2021. Kafa ya kasance mai laushi, bayan beraye da slugs sun ragu sosai.
"Suna kuma kusan makonni uku a baya a cikin matakan haɓakarsu idan aka kwatanta da dankalin da ake nomawa tare," in ji Mista Storr.
"Idan za mu yi wannan a kan sikelin kasuwanci, da wataƙila za mu yi shuka da wuri."
Samfurin tono yana ba da shawara ga dankalin da aka shuka ba tare da nitrogen mai gadaje iri ba ya samar da kusan 48t/ha idan aka kwatanta da kusan 68t/ha don dankalin da aka noma na al'ada.
Matakan scab na yau da kullun a cikin daskararren dankali sun yi ƙasa, watakila saboda kiyaye dankalin ɗanɗano na ɗan lokaci.
Girbi tare da na'ura mai bin diddigin kasuwanci yana yiwuwa tare da samfurin tsafta gabaɗaya, kodayake ɗan ƙaramin bambaro ya samu.
Yankin da ya fi girma don kafa mai girbi ya kamata ya hana hakan, ko amfani da injin sarrafa kansa tare da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftacewa, Mista Storr ya nuna.
Ana maimaita gwajin a wannan kakar a cikin gadaje na 50m, wanda aka yi da shi tare da ba tare da gadon iri na nitrogen ba, da kuma wani gado wanda aka rufe da narke.
Matsalolin kwari
Wahayi don gwajin Dyson ya fito ne daga ganin zanga-zangar da ba za a yi ba a Groundswell a cikin 2015, wanda aka maimaita a taron a wannan shekara.
Har ila yau, fitowar ta kasance mai lanƙwasa, tare da mice da slugs matsala, in ji Richard Harding daga Groundswell Agronomy.
Wani ƙalubale shine jujjuyawar mai zuwa tare da ɗimbin shara, in ji shi. "Ra'ayinmu shine a dasa amfanin gona mai fadi, irin su zaki ko kabewa, don shuka amfanin gona mai kima, tare da barin sharar ta ci gaba da lalacewa, kafin shuka hatsi."
Wata hanya ta dabam, wacce Ben Taylor-Davies ya aiwatar a kan 32ha na dankali a Herefordshire, shine yin duk abin da zai yiwu don rage girman noman da ake buƙata don dankali.
“Na yi kokari tare da na’urar sarrafa hatsin rai, na shafa takin dasa dankali a saman, ban ruwa na tef da bambaro, don ganin ko za mu iya noman dankalin kasuwanci. Mun yi abin da ya isa don sanin mun yi asarar kuɗaɗe masu yawa ba za mu iya ci gaba ba,” in ji shi.
Ya kai shi ga gane cewa noman bazai yi muni ba kamar yadda wasu ke ba da shawara. "Dabi'a tana sake farfado da kanta ta hanyar ambaliya, wuta, yunwa ko tasirin kofato, to shin noman yana da kyau?" Ya tambaya.
"Don haka na canza tunani da tunanin dankali a matsayin wuta, wani bangare na yunwa na jujjuyawar."
Rufe amfanin gona
Dankalinsa yana bibiyar amfanin gona na bazara, tare da babban amfanin gona mai girma na biomass overwinter da aka shuka a tsakani, wanda ake kiwo da tumaki don ɗaukar kashi 70% na girma da farko, yayin da sauran kashi 30% ke kiwo kafin a dasa dankali.
Dasa shuki yana cikin wucewa ɗaya tare da mai yin gado da mai shuka. "A wurin dasa shuki, muna amfani da takin Johnson-Su, muna mai da hankali kan mayar da ilimin halitta yayin da muke dagula ma'aunin halittu na ƙasa."
Ta hanyar tattara ƙasa tare da ilmin halitta, yana da'awar dankalin turawa cyst nematodes da rhizoctonia ana gudanar da su a bay. Yana kuma dasa buckwheat, peas da vetch a zurfin da tubers a matsayin amfanin gona na abokin tarayya.
"Vetch da buckwheat acid suna samar da rhizosphere a kusa da tuber dankalin turawa, wanda ke samar da karin phosphate, tare da cirewar Johnson-Su don haka za mu iya hako yawan phosphate a cikin kasa."
Tare da peas da vetch kuma suna gyara nitrogen, da abin da ke cikin amfanin gona, Mista Taylor-Davies yana gano cewa yana buƙatar kawai 10 kgN/ha na tushen urea nitrogen, tare da ƙarin sulfur da carbon.
Sauran aikin sahabbai shine karfafa kwari masu amfani a cikin noman dankalin turawa.
"Idan kuka bi ta cikin shukar fure kafin ta yi fure sau da yawa akwai fa'idodi da yawa a can," in ji shi.
“Tsaki suna da ban mamaki na iya fitar da nectar daga mai tushe don fara haɓaka lambobi kafin furen ya fara.
"A bayan wancan, ladybirds, lacewings da hoverflies suna ginawa, wanda ke da tasiri mai yawa akan yawan aphid."
Ya canza abinci mai gina jiki, kuma - yana nisantar da nau'ikan chloride na potassium yayin da gishiri ke tsananta matsaloli kuma yana sa amfanin gona su yi ƙishirwa. Hakan ya ba da damar rage ban ruwa.
Yana amfani da nazarin ruwan 'ya'yan itace don buɗe fahimtar lafiyar shuka, tare da aikace-aikacen foliar na magnesium sulphate, kodayake ƙasa tana da wadatar magnesium, yana taimakawa ba da mafi kyawun martani ga aikace-aikacen potassium, phosphate da nitrogen. "Muna sarrafa wuce gona da iri maimakon rashi."
Ana ɗaukan amfanin gona a ƙarshen watan Agusta, wanda shine lokacin da cuta sau da yawa yakan zo cikin amfanin gona. Daukewa a baya yana taimakawa rage yawan feshin da ake buƙata - a bara bai shafa komai ba.
Bayan girbi
Bayan ya dagawa, inda ya kaucewa safarar filin da tireloli, nan take ya shuka amfanin gona don fara aikin gyarawa.
"Muna yin ma'aunin carbon na ƙasa ta hanyar juyawa, kuma a bara ba mu sami raguwa a cikin matakan carbon ɗinmu ba bayan dankali. Shekara daya ne, gwaji daya, amma a bana muna maimaituwa.”
Irin wannan tsarin ragewa shine mafi kusantar hanyar da Dyson Farming zai ɗauka, Dr Storr ya yarda.
Multi-iri-iri kai tsaye zuwa tsarin mabukaci
Bayan masu siye da sha'awar siyan ƙwai masu launi daban-daban daga gonarsa, Ben Taylor-Davies yana tunanin samar da fakitin dankali iri-iri tare da bayanin waɗanda zasu dace da salon dafa abinci daban-daban.
"Gaskiya, zai kasance samar da zaɓin zaɓi na kanku, zaɓi na kyauta."
Hakan ya biyo bayan shawarar da aka yanke na shuka nau’in dankalin turawa daban-daban bakwai zuwa tara a bana. “Bambancin abu ne da muke fata. Mun san haɗuwa suna aiki tare da alkama, sha'ir da sauran amfanin gona.
"Yana haifar da nasu matsalolin game da ko za a raba, ko amfani da su kai tsaye cikin na'ura mai sarrafawa azaman gauraya, ko samar da waɗannan jakunkuna iri-iri don babban kanti."
"A duk kasuwancinmu muna duban amfanin gona a inda za mu iya, amma kuma lokacin da irin noman da muke gudanarwa. A ko'ina cikin yankin dankalin turawa, har yanzu muna aikin noma, kiwon gadaje da gyaran gado.
"Ina tsammanin inda muke so mu isa shine ko muna buƙatar yin wucewa biyu tare da gado, ko ma wucewa ɗaya. Shi ya sa yana da ban sha'awa duba da ci gaban gwaji na noma inda muke kwatanta abin da ake samu daga girma a ƙarƙashin bambaro da garma, siffar gado da shuka, da garma, mai yin gado, siffar gado, da rushewa idan yana buƙata.
“Sakamakon da aka samu ya nuna cewa babu bambanci sosai wajen fitar da noman noma guda ɗaya – sai ya zama game da inganci da sauƙin girbi.
"Idan dankali a karkashin bambaro yana da ƙafafu na kasuwanci, ina tsammanin har yanzu za mu dogara ga wani nau'i na noma don sassauta ƙasa don guje wa lalacewar injin," in ji shi.
Ben Taylor-Davies, Richard Harding da Tom Storr suna magana ne a wani taron karawa juna sani mai taken "Shin dankali yana da wuri a cikin tsarin sake fasalin?" a taron Groundswell da aka gudanar a farkon wannan shekarar a Hertfordshire
Tushe: https://www.fwi.co.uk